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LION. 303 LIOY. 1850) ; Harris, Wild Sports in Southern Africa (5th ed., Loudon, 1852) ; Drumnioiid, The Ijurye Game . . . of South Africa (Edinburgli, 1875) ; Baker, Wild Ueasts and Their Wai/s( Lon- don, 1800); Cameron, Across Africa (London, 1877) ; Schulz and Hammar, ew Africa (Lon- don, 1897) ; Hohili, Seven Years in South Africa^ translated by Krewer (London, 1881); Schwcin- furth. Heart of Africa (Leipzig, 1878); Kerr, The Far Interior (London, 1886) ; Blanford, (leoloyical and Zoological Survey of Abyssinia (London, 1870) ; Selous. A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa (London, 1890). LION, Il'ox', Golfe du. An inlet of the Medi- terranean. See Lyons, Gulf of. LION, Order of the. (1) A civil and mili- tary order founded in 1770 by Landgrave Fred- erick II. of Hesse-Cassel, with one class and 41 knights. In 1818 it was extended to four classes, but has now only one class. It is restricted to members of the grand ducal house and princes. (2) A civil order with three classes founded in 1815 by William I., King of the Netherlands. The decoration is a white enameled cross with four W's, bearing the motto ^'irtus nobilitat (virtue ennobles ) , and on the reverse the golden lion. LION-FISH. A gray, yellow-blotched sculpin {Scorpa:na yrandicornis) , common among sea- weed from Florida to Brazil, and on account of its ugly aspect much dreaded by the fishermen. LION GATE. The entrance to the acropolis of Mycena". The gateway, about 10 feet in height and width, is at the end of a passage flanked by Cyclopean walls designed to expose an attacking enemy to the missiles of the defenders for a con- siderable distance. The great gate-posts, of single blocks, approach slightly at the top. On them rests a lintel composed of a block 151/; feet long and 8 feet thick. Above the lintel a tri- angular space is left to distribute the vertical pressure, and is occupied by a slab 12 '4 ^Pet wide and 1014 feet high on which is carved the celebrated relief which gives the gate its name. The middle of the slab is occupied by a column, flanked by two lions, whose hind feet are on the ground, while the fore feet rest on the base of the column. The heads are turned to the front. LIONNE, le'on'. HfGUES DE, Marquis de Berni (1011-71). A French statesman, born at Gre- noble, lie was of a noble family of DauphinS, and was brought up by his uncle. Abel de Servien, under whom he received his first training in diplomacy. As secretary of the French Embassy, he was present at the Congress of Miinster (1641), and the following year was sent on a mission to the Pope. Mazarin. then Prime Minister, recognized the uncommon qualities of the young man. and made him secretary to the Queen Mother. Anne of Austria (1646)! .-fter- wards he was Ainbassador to Spain, Frankfort, and Turin, and as Jlinister of State, a position he received in lfl.")9, concluded the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659). On his deatli-bed Mazarin recommended Lionne to the King, and for the next ten years he had charge of foreign affairs. Among his most important negotiations were the sale of Dunkirk, the Treatv of Breda (1667), and the Treaty of Aix-la-Cha'pelle (1668). His Memoirs and letters are of value as throwing light on the diplomatic relations between France and Kuropp in the early part of the reign of Louis XIV. Consiilt : Valfrcv. Huqucs dc f.innne. ses ambassades en Italic, en Espagne et en Al- lemagne (Paris, 1877-81); Chevalier, Lellres inedites de Ungues de Lionne, ministrc des af- faires dtrangdrcs sous Louis .XIV., prcccdees d'une notice historique sur la famille dc Lionne ('alence, 1879). LION OF BELFORT. A colossal figure by Bartlioldi carved in the face of the cliff at Bel- fort, France, commemorating the defense of the town during the Franco-Prussian War. LION OF LUCERNE. A memorial at Lu- cerne, .Switzerland, to the 781 Swiss guards who fell on August 10, 1792, in defense of Louis X'L during the attack on the Tuileries. The figure is carved in the face of a clifT, and represents a il^'ing lion of colossal size, transfixed by a spear, but defending the lilies of France. The memorial was modeled by Thorwaldsen and was dedicated in 1821. Beneath it are inscribed the names of the 21 olliccrs of the giards. LION OF SAINT MARK. A winged lion in bronze on one of the eoliniins in the Piazzetta at Venice, the device of the ancient Republic. The bronze was carried to Paris by Napoleon in 1797, but was restored in 1815. LION OF THE NORTH. A title giren to Gustavus .Vdcilphus of Sweden. LION'S MOUTH (It. Bocca di Leone). An opening in the wall of the Sala della Bussola, the ante-chamber of the Inquisitors, in the Palace of the Doges at Venice. The opening was once adorned with a marble lion's head, the mouth of which served as a channel for secret informa- tion and anonymous accusations. LION-TAILED MONKEY. A macaque (Maeacus Silenus) of Western India. It is of medium size, almost black in color and with the end of the comparatively short tail tufted. A large ruff of white hair surrounds the face and neck. This species goes in troops in the forest. is often called 'wanderoo" ; and is sulky and in- tractable in captivity. LIOTARD, le-i'tar'. .Iean Etiexne (1702- 89). A Swiss painter, born at Geneva. He was a pupil of .lean Baptiste Masse and of Le Jloyne in Paris, whither he went in 1725. He was in Constantinople for several years and portrayed many dignitaries and f(U'eign ambassadors. In 1749 he went to Vienna and thence to Paris and London. Everywhere he had painted the por- traits of the great. After his sojourn in Con- stantinople he adopted the Turkish costume and hence was nicknamed 'the Turk.' Tn or about 1756 he visited Holland, was married there, and in 1772-74 w'as again in England, where he sold advantageously a valuable collection of paintings by celebrated masters. His forte lay in pastel portraits, among which is the world-famed "Vienna Chocolate Girl." in the Dresden Gal- lery. The .msterdani Museum contains "La belle Lyonnaise" (1746. replicas in Dresden and Vienna), and more than a dozen other portraits, including those of Maria Theresa, .Joseph 11., and Marshal Maurice of Saxony. Portraits of liimself are in Dresden and in the Utfizi Gallery at Florence. LIOY, Ic-rAV P.oio (1836—). An Italian naturalist, best known for his studies of the Inke- dwellers. He was born in Vicenza, studie<l at Padua, and in 1866 was banished for expressing nnti-. strian sentiments in a newspaper article.