Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/357

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES. 315 LIQUORS. courts will regard it as a penally. The term em- ployed by the parties to describe a sum so ii-Kcd will not be given much weight by the courts, for obvious reasons. The courts will not disregard such an agreement merely because the sum named will be liberal compensation for the probable loss sustained, but only when it seems grossly out of proportion to the loss. However, it seems that these agreements are regarded with suspicion; as where the intention, as expressed, is ambigu- ous, and there is doubt as to whether the .sum is to be deemed as liquidated damages or as a penalty, the courts incline toward the latter con- struction. See Dam.ges; Pex.lty; and consult the authorities referred to under Damages. LIQUIDS, Gener.ai, Pkopertie.s of. DROSTATICS ; M.TTER. See Hy- LIQUORICE. LiCOBICE. Various shrubby plants. See LIQUORS (Lat. liquor, fluid, from liquere, to be fluid), Febmexted and Di.stilled, Statistics and History of. Alcoholic liquors are naturally divided into three groups : ( 1 ) Fermented liquors or wines, in which the sugar of fruit is converted to alcohol by simple exposure to the air; (2) malt liquors, such as beer, ale, porter, which. being mostly made from grains and starchy materials, require the preliminary process of malting, by which the starch is converted into sugar, before alcoholic fermentation is possible; (3) distilled liquors or ardent spirits, as brandy, whisky, gin. in which the .fermented liquor, whether derived from fruits, grain, or other sugar-producing material, is treated to a further process of distillation, or vaporizing and con- densing. That the industry is one of consider- able importance is shown bv the fact that dur- ing the year ending Mav 3l" 1900. 1,198,002,104 gallons of malt liquors, 103,3.30.423 gallons of distilled liquors, and 23,42.5,567 gallons of wines were manufactured inr the United States. This was produced by 283.5 establishments with a combined capital" of .$457,674,087. and the total product was valued at .$340,615,466. Wine Maxifacture. Wine, being the product of natural forces and not requiring machinery for its production, is the oldest of the beverages, and was made before the dawn of history. With the cultivation of the vine and the growth of complex; tastes the industry became highly de- veloped. The wines of Greece and Rome were prepared with greatest care and often flavored with spices and herbs. Throughout the Middle Ages and in modern times the manufacture of wine has been an important industry in most European countries. The settlers of America brought with them both a taste for wine and a knowledge of its manufacture. But early at- tempts to introduce this industry were unsuc- cessful because of failure to acclimate the Euro- pean vines. The successful use of a native American grape — the Catawba — marked the be- ginning of this industry east of the Rockies. In California, however, foreign vines were intro- duced and successfully cultivated by Catholic missionaries from Mexico as early as 1771, but a century passed before wine manufacture became an important industry. Of the States east of the Rockies where wine is made. Ohio. Xew York, and Jfissouri are far in the lead. By the census of 1860 the total value of the prodiict for the United States was $400,791, of which $1.55,966 Vol. XII.— 21. was from New York, and $47,275 from Ohio. By the census of 1900, the value of the product in New Vork was .$942,548; Ohio, $801,634; -Missouri, $199,130. The importance that the California industry had assumed during the forty years between these two censuses is shown bv the fact that of the total product of 23.425,507" gal- lons produced in the United States in 1900. and valued at $2,846,148, California produced 19,- 028.258 gallons. The wine product of the United States is still small as compared with that of the other wino-pjroducing countries of the world, as is shown by the accompanying figures, giving the estimated wine product of the world for 1901. See Wine. Estimated Wine Crop of the Wobld, fob tbe Yeab 1901 (From Advance Sheet. No. 1274. Fniteil States Consular Reports, February 25. 1'jOi) GhIIods France 1.530.223.200 Italy 1,013,760.000 Spain 520,080,000 Portusal 155.760,000 Algeria 146,440.800 Austria 116.160,000 Rumania.. 87,120.000 Cllile 87.120,000 Russia.. Bulgaria Germany Argentine Republic... Turkey and Cyprus.. United States Peru Switzerland Servia Brazil Australia Madeira Tunis Cape countries Urugua,y Mexico Persia Bolivia 76,560,000 73,920,000 60,720,000 55,440,000 50.160.000 39,600,000 36,960,000 31,680,000 23.760.000 12,672,000 8.316,000 7,920,000 4,488,000 3,168,000 2,376.000 924,000 765,600 660.000 Total 4.146.753,600 Consumption op Spikits in the Principal Couxtbies of Europe (Compiled from MulbalTs Dictionary ofStatistics, 1S97) United Kiugdom.. Germany France .u8trla Russia Scandinavia Belgium Holland Italy, etc Europe.. MUllon Gallons per gallons capita 1885 1895 1885 1895 33 39 0.90 1 1.00 70 98 1.58 1 1.90 64 68 1.69 1 1.78 84 105 2.20 ' 2.60 137 132 1.46 l.OS 17 17 2.10 1.90 12 14 2.02 2. -20 9 9 2.02 1.91 16 18 0.25 0.25 444 .iUO 1.22 1.30 MANUFACTt:-BE OF JIalt LiQiOBS. Tlie early history of this industry in the United States H described as follows in the Twelfth Census: "In colonial times as well as in the early decades of the nation's history, the consumption of malt liquors was relatively small and increased slowly. The wide distribution of small quantities of wine manufactured from currants or grapes, the intro- duction of tea. the general consumption of all classes of distilled spirits, and the household manufacture of cider and fruit brandies, satisfied the tastes of the people, and the demand for malt liquors was of slow development. Where the demand existed at all it was for ale, porter, or .stout. The manufacture of lager beer in the