Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/417

LOBELIA. 369 to which the term lobelic acid lias been applied, intlatin, lobelaerin, etc. LOBENGULA, lo'ben-goo'la (c.1833-94). A king of the Matabele. He succeeded his father, Mosilikatse, in 1870, made Buluwayo his capital and boldly opposed European civilization, threat- ening with death any of his ])eople who accepted Christianity. After the discovery of gold in bis territory (1872), Portugal, the Transvaal, and Great Britain strove to win sujireme control over Lobengula's kingdom. In 1888 he signed a treaty with England admitting her suzerainty. Two years afterwards the British South Africa Com- pan3' obtained permission to settle in Mashona- land. and for th'ree years it paid the King a yearly rent. But in 1893, provoked by the inso- lence of the company, Lobengula attacked the English. He w'as terribly beaten; his capital was taken; and in his flight, after ambuscading the forces of ilajor Wilson, he was himself killed. LOBLOLLY BAY. A North American tree. See (ioRDOM-V. LOB-NOR. A lake in Cenlral Asia, situated near the southern boundary of East Turkestan, al the northern base of the Altyn Tagh Jlonn- tains, and surrounded liy the great Central Asian desert. It is the sink of the Tarim, the principal river traversing the desert of East Turkestan. Considerable attention has been at- tracted to it owing to the seemingly conflicting reports of the two Central Asian explorers Prje- valsky and Sven Hedin. The truth seems to be that the so-called lake consists of a sy.stem of sev- eral lake basins, in which the water from the river, owing to their shallowness and the level surface of the country, flows now into one, now another. The basins nearest the river contain fresh water, while the farthest sinks are salt, and all are surrounded by marshy, reedy tracts. Judging from old Chinese records, the lakes are remains of a large lake which covered the region. LO'BO, .Jeronimo (1593-1678). A Portuguese missionary to Abyssinia. He was born at Lisbon, joined the Jesuits in 1609, and became professor at the College of Coimbra in 1621. After a short stay in India, he set out for Abyssinia in 1G2.5, and carried on successful mission work there for many years. E.pelled from the country on the death of the Christian King, he returned to Europe and sought to stir up Spain and the Pope against the Abyssinians. Failing, he went to In- dia, where he became .Jesuit provincial of Goa. In 1650 lie was back at Lisbon, where he spent the rest of his life engaged in literary pursuits. In 1059 he pulilished a history of Ethiopia, which was translated by Dr. Johnson in 1735. LOBOC, 16-b6k'. A town of the island of Bo- hol, Philippines, situated on the Rio Soca, four miles from the southern coast and 12 miles east of Tagbilaran. Population, in 1896, 10,175. LOBOS (lo'ij.'.s) ISLANDS, or Seat, Islands. Two small groups of rocky islands off the coast of Peru, famous for the great quantity of guano which they contain (ilap: America, South, A 3). The largest island of the northern group, Lobos de Tierra, lies in latitude (io 29' S., 12 miles from the mainland, and is about five miles long and two miles lu'oad ; the southern group. Lobos de Afuerra. lies about 25 miles farther south. More than 8,000,000 tons of guano have been exported. LOBSTER. LOBSTEIN, lop'stin, I'Ai l ( 1850- ) . A Ger- man Protestant theologian, born at Epinal (Vosges). He studied t'lieology at Strassburg, Tiibingen, and Gottingen, was appointed a lec- turer in the theological faculty at ntrassburg in 1876, received a professorship there in 1877. and from 1884 held the chair of dogmatics. His theo- logical views became those of the school of Al- brecht Ritschl (q.v.). His publications include: Die Ethilc Calvins (1877); I'etrus Ramus als Tlwoloy (1878) ; La doctrine de la Sainte Cine (1889); and Etudes christolo(ji(fues (1890-94). He also contributed to the Ucrue Vhretienne and to Lichtenberger's lincyclupidie des sciences re- liyi< Knis. LOBSTER. The largest of crustaceans (Uo- mitrus Aiitcririiiius) , standing at the head of the iiiacrouran decapods. (See Cuustacea.) Its allies are the shrimps, prawns, and especially the cray- fish, from which group it differs in having very large claws (chela"). In the lobster the head and thorax are united into one region, the cephalo- thorax, covered by the shield or carapace, which really is an enlargement of the dorsal portions of two segments, i.e. those bearing the second pair of antenna; and the mandibles. The body of the lobster consi.sts of twenty segments, of wiiich the seven in the abdomen are distinct, while the tliir- tcen others, forming the thorax and head, are partly aborted, and more or less fused together. There are two pairs of antennae, a pair of man- dibles, two pairs of maxilla; or footjaws, and three pairs of accessory footjaws or maxilliiieds. The first pair of legs (chelipeds) end in the large chelate or nipper-like claws. The smaller of the large claws (fish-claw' or 'quick claw') is slen- der, toothed, and incurved at the tips, so that lobsters seize fish and shells, and grapple w'ith one another. The other claw is thick and heavy.adapted for crushing heavy objects, and is called the 'club,' 'knobbed.' or 'numb claw.' Variations occur in the position of these claws, being either on the right or left side. Lobsters have been observed to transport small stones in their claws while en- gaged in burrowing. The abdominal legs are, with the exception of the first pair, two-branched and called the swimming legs, or swimmerets. Of these the first pair are slender and not di- vided in the female, while in the male they are much larger, thicker, and modified to -serve as jiairing organs, forming when placed together a funnel-like apparatus through which the S[ier- matopliores pass into the openings of the ovi- ducts, ■ The last pair of appendages are very broad, attached on each side of a plate (telson) which represents the last sccrment of the body. The eves are large, compound, situated at the end of a thick movable stalk, supposed by some to represent the appendages behind. As to the visual powers of the lobster we know verv lit- tle. Judging by experiments made on insects with similar faceted eyes, they are probably near-sighted an<l depend more on perceiving the movements of other animals than clearly distin- guishing their dclinite outlines. The sense of, hearing is well developed, the rather complicated ear being situated in the broad joint of the smaller or first antenna. This consists of a membranous sac indicated bv a clear oval space on the upper side of the joint, with a series of delicate featherv hairs arising from a ridge and provided each with a nerve, the ends of the hairs being immersed in a glairy fluid. The sac is