Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/460

LOG-BOOK. 408 LOGIC. at the end of every watch (q.v.) , and, in addition to the description of all events passing under the eye of the watch-officer, there is recorded an account of all official transactions, such as en- listments, discharges, court-martials, drills, in- spections, boards of survey, signals to other ves- sels (formerly; now entered in a special signal record-book), accidents of importance, deaths, and other similar matters. The remarks written by each olTicer are signed by him ; a smooth copy, made daily, i» also signed, and. when the book is full, forwarded to the Xa'y Department. LOG-CABIN HABBISON. A name widely used of William Henry Harrison, .said to have originated in a sneering remark in the corre- spondence of the Baltimore American during Har- rison's Presidential campaign. The phrase was at once taken up as a party cry by the friends of Harrison, and became extremely popular. LOG-COCK. The pileated woodpecker. See Woodpecker. LOGFISH. See Rcddeb-Fish. LOGGAN, or LOGAN. See Rocking Stone. LOGGERHEAD. (1) A large carnivorous sea-turtle {Thalitssochelys caret In) covered with bony plates, and generically distinguished by having costal shields on each side of the cara- pace, which finally become ossified. This is the largest of sea-turtles, and may attain a weight of 450 pounds. Hs flesh is rank and tough, but, the eggs, which the female deposits at night on the sandy shores of southern islands, are much sought for. It ranges from Brazil to Massa- chusetts, and the Gulf of Mexico has another species or variety (Kempt). Gosse says these turtles feed on mollu.sks, including cuttlefish, and can crush large conchs in their powerful parrot-like jaws. Compare Hawksbill Turtle. (2) In ornithology, the name of several birds: (a) An American shrike (see Shrike) ; (b) one or more species of West Indian tyrant flycatch- ers; (c) a large almost flightless duck of South- ern South America (see Steamer-Duck). LOGGIA, lod'ja (It., lodge, gallery). An Italian word, somewhat loosely used to designate any roofed structure open on one or more sides to the weather: an arcade, galler}-, porch, veran- da, or isolated shelter. It is thus applied to such varied buildings as the following prominent ex- amples: ( 1 ) The I.oggie of the Vatican, the three superposed arcades of the Court of San Damaso, decorated by Raphael and his successors; (2) the open porch in front of the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie at Arezzo, by Benedetto da Majano; (3) the two-storied arcade or veranda of the Farnesina at Rome by Peruzzi (1517); (4) the Loggia del Bigallo at Florence, a small but ornate fourteenth-centurj- porch or entrance to a fraternity hospital now disused; (5) the great Loggia dei Lanzi at Florence, an isolated vaulted shelter for the lancers or civic guard, built in 1376 probably by Benci di Clone, and now used as a museum of statuary: (G) the Loggia dei Xobili. of approximately the same date and style, and (7) the Loggia del Papa, built in 1402, both at Siena, open vaulted shelters by the side of the street; and (8) the Loggia dei Banchieri at Genoa, built in 1570 to serve as an exchange, an open vaulted hall 60 by 90 feet, now closed in with glass. In American usage the word gen- erally means a room open on one side to the air. LOGHEM, lu'gem, ilARTixus Ge.sixu.s Lam- bert VAX (1849 — ). A Dutch poet and novelist, born at Leydcn. After 1877 he lived in Amster- dam, where he was first emploj-ed in teaching, then in practicing law, but after 188.3 devoted himself exclusively to journalism and literatun-. -V narrative poem, "Eene liefde in het Zuiden" ("Love in the .South"), published 1881 under the pseudonym Fiore della Xeve, met w ith unoummon success, and was followed by the lyric cycles Liaua (1882), Ian ecu Hu'ltane (1884), ami ^'alter (1892). He proved himself an admirable delineator of character in his novel Victor (1888), and the collections of stories Blond en Blauw (1888) and Panacft^ (1892). LOGIC (OF., Fr. logique, from Lat. logica, logice, from Gk. 'KoytK-j [sc. t^x>^], lo'jiki [sc. technv], logic, logical [sc. art], from liyoi, logos, word, rea.son). Among the conscious processes treated by psychology (q.v.) are processes of thought. Psychology treats these processes as mental occurrences, and endeavors to ascertain the conditions under which they appear. But they are something more than mere occurrences. They have a peculiar character, which consists in the fact that they purport to be valid, and some of them are subsequently judged to be valid and others invalid. Both valid and invalid thought processes are of equal value to the psychologist, inasmuch as both are actual occurrences and equally demand scientific investigation as to the actual conditions under which they appear. Hence there is room for another science which in- vestigates the differences between valid and in- valid thinking and states the conditions to which thinking must conform in order that it may be valid. This science was called logic by the Stoics. There is another science which also deals with the validity of our thinking processes, along with the question of the validity of our knowl- edge in general. This science is called episle- mology, or the theory of knowledge (q.v.). Many thinkers, especially in recent years, have made no distinction between logic and epistemology, but it is perhaps better to use the word logic in the sense which it had for over two thousand years until the time of Kant, and to ap]dy the term epistemology to the science which deals not with the question. In what way must we think in order that our thought may be valid? but with the more fundamental questions. Is our knowl- edge valid at all? And if so. What must be the relation of the knowing consciousness to the object known? Kant (q.v.) used logic in a larger sense, which made it include the treatment of this question of the relation of the knowing con- sciousness to the known object, but he carefully distinguished the two meanings of the word. He thus recognized two kinds of logic, general and transcendental. General logic for Kant is the science which 'deals only with the pure form of thought.' i.e. only with the ways in which thought proceeds when it works correctly. Tran- scendental logic sets forth 'the origin, the limits, and the objective validity of our pure con- ceptions'; i.e. it deal§ with questions of episte- mology and of the philosophy of nature. Xow- ada^-s it is the fashion, especially jn Germany, to call the scientific treatment of such questions epistemological logic (German, erkenntnissthe- oretische Logik) . However, in this article the word will be limited to the science which treats