Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/468

LOm-ET-CHEB. 416 LOLLARD. able industries, and there are manufactures of woolens, cottons, leather, glass, etc. Capital, Blois. Population, in 1896, 278,153; in 1901, 275,538. LOISELEUB, IwUz'ler', Jean Auguste Jules (KslC-1900). A French publicist, historian, and miscellaneous writer, born at Orlean.s. He was librarian and member of the municipal council of that city, and received the Legion of Honor cross in 1808. His comedy called Lioiiore was pro- duced at the Gymnase Theatre, and he published: Lcs residences royales de la Loire (18G3) ; Les crimes et lcs pcincs dans I'aniiquite et dans les temps modernes (1863); ProbUmes historigues (1867) ; Le masque de fcr decant la crilique mo- derne (1868) ; La doctrine secrete des Templiers (1871) ; Les points ohscurs de la vie de Moliere (1877) ; SouveUes conlroierscs sur la Haint-Bar- thilemy ( 1881 ) ; and Trois enigmes historiques (1882). LOJA, lo'Ha, or LOXA. A city of Ecuador, and capital of the Province of Loja, situated near the southern frontier. 6900 feet above sea-level (Map: Ecuador. B 4). The town lies in a beau- tiful valley ami enjoys a moderate climate, the temperature averauinj; 64° F. It has a college and a cathedral: its manufactures are woolen goods; and trade is carried on in the products of the surrounding districts. Loja was founded in 1546 bv Alonso de Mercadillo. Population, 10,000. LOJA, or LOXA. A town in the Province of firanada, Spain, situated amid romantic sur- roundings on the slope of a hill near the left bank of the Genii. 30 miles west of Granada, and on the railroad between that city and Jlalaga (Map: Spain. C 4). The town has a number of notable churdies and a modern palace of the Duke of Valencia; on the sununit of the hill on which the town is built are the ruins of a Moorish cas- tle. The chief manufactures are paper and woolens. Loja was of great military importance during the wars with the Moors, being the key to Granada. It was captured by the Spaniards in 14SG. In 1884 it was almost destroyed by an earthquake. Population, in 1887, 19,120; in 1900, 19,143. LOKEBEN, lu'ker-rn. A manufacturing town in the Province of East Flanders, Belgium, on the Durme, 19 miles southwest of Antwerp (Map: Belgium. B 3). It is a well-built town, with the fine Chiirdi of Saint Lawrence, contain- ing a number of ancient and modem paintings and a famous pulpit by Verhagen. There are ex- tensive manufactures of linen, cotton goods, chemicals, tobacco, etc. In the vicinity are large bleach-fields. Population, 1890. 19.007; in 1900, 21,0.57. LOKI, lolvf- (Tcel.. Ender). A demigod in the Scandinavian mythology. He did not belong to the race of .Esir (q.v. ). but to an older dynasty. Still, we find him from the very first on terms of intimacy with Odin, and received among the ^sir. His appearance is beautiful, and he is possessed of great knowledge and cunning. He often brings the new gods into difficulties, from which, however, he again extricates them. Hence he is to be regarded as the principle of strife and disturbance in the Scandinavian mythology; the 'spirit of evil.' as it were, mingling freely with, yet essentially opposed to, the other inhabitants of the Norse heaven, very much like the Satan of the Book of .Job. By his artful malice, he caused the death of Balder (q.v.), and was in consequence visited by the -Esir with most ter- rible punishments. He is sometimes called Asa- Loki, to distinguish him from Utgardu-Luki, a king of the giants, whose kingdom lies on the uttermost bounds of the earth ; but these two are occasionally confounded. It is quite natural, considering the character of Loki, that at a later period he should have become identified with the devil of Christianity, who is sometimes called in Norway, to the present day, Laulce. LOKMAN, luk-miin' (Ar. Lulcmun). A figure in old Araliic folklore, and the sup|iosed autlujr of a number of Aral)ic fables. According to the old poets he was a wise man of the tribe of Ad, who lived as long as seven eagles or vultures. In the Koran he is mentioned as a monotheistic sage, and some of his sayings are quoted ( Sura xxxi. 11-19, from winch the Sura is called the 'Lokman Sura'). He is variously held to have been a Yemenite, a black sage of the time of David, or a near descendant of .Job and living down to David's time. Derenbourg identifies him with the liiblical Balaam, whose name, like that of Lokman, is connected with a root meaning 'to devour;' Sprenger, with the founder of the Elkesaite sect living near the Dead Sea. Toy takes him to represent a clan or family that sur- vived the extinction of the Adites. The fables that go by Lokman's name come from the Syriac versions of the Greek fables of Syntipas and ,Esop, and originated probably as late as the thirteenth century. Their language is not that of the classical period. They have had much vogue and have been translated into many of the languages of non-Arabic Mohammedans. The first edition, with a Latin translation by Erpe- nius, appeared at Leyden ( 1015) ; since then they have been used largely in European Arabic read- ing books. Recent editions are by Bernsten (Giit- tingen, 1817) ; Caussin de Pcrcival (Paris, 1818) ; Freytag (Bonn, 1823) ; Roediger (Halle, 1830) ; Rask (Copenhagen, 1831): Schier (Dresden, 1831, 1839, 18.50): Delaporte (Algiers, 1835): Cherbonneau (Paris, 1847, 1883, 1888) ; and Der- enbourg (Berlin. 1850). Translations have been made into Hebrew. French. Spanish, Italian, (ierman, and Danish. Consult: Basset. Lof/ntun Berbcrc (Paris, 1890) ; Cluiuvin, Bibliorirajihi' des ouvraries arabes, vol. iii. (Paris, 1898) ; Toy. in the Proceedings of the American Oriental .S'o- ciety, ilav, 1887, pp. clxii. sqq. (in the Journal, vol. xiii.," 18891. LOLA MONTEZ, lol.i mim't:'ith. A celebrated adventuress. See MoxTEZ, LoL.. LOLLAND, lolland. An island of Denmark. See Laalaxd. 'LOL'LARD (from !MDutch Lollacrd, name of a semi-monastic sect of Brabant, from InUen. to sing softly, to hum : connected with Ger. luUcn, Eng. lull, probably onomatopoetic in origin). A name first given to a semi-monastic society which arose in Antwerp and Brabant about 1300, the members of which devoted themselves to the care of the sick and burial of the dead. They are also called Alexians (from their patron, Alexius, q.v.) and Cellites. The name was after- wards given to those who. during the closing years of the fourteenth and a large part of the fifteenth century, were credited with adhering