Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/472

LOMBABDY. 420 LOMBOK. was revived in 122li U> resist Frederick II. (q.v.), vitlioiU any especial ciuise, Imt tliis uiily resulted in prolonged dissension and civil war. In the thirteenth century, well characterized as the Age of Despots, the Lombard cities began to fall under the rule of tyrants. Early in the four- teenth century the House of Visconti l)ccarae paramount in Milan. The Emperor Henry VII. went down into Italy and was crowned with the iron crown at Milan' in I.'SIO. In the warfare of the petty States which characterized the Italy of the I'cnaissance the Lombard cities and princi- palities had their full share, and they suUcred from the ujarauding of the Free Companies that were turned loose upon Italy by this irregular .strife. In 131)5 Milan, with its extensive terri- tory, Vi-as erected into a duchy for the Visconti, ■who in 1447 were succeeded by the House of Sforza. France, under Louis XII. (1498-1515) and Francis I. (1515-47), alteini)lcd incllectually to achieve the conquest of Milan, which was re- peatedly won and lost. On the extinction of the tsforza dynasty in 1535, the Emperor Charles V. took possession of the duchy, which was united with the Crown of Spain. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) Austria wrested the Jlilanese from Spain, and sinuiltaneously took possession of the Duchy of JIantua. whose dynasty, the House of Gonzaga, had become ex- tinct (17081. Bonaparte in 17'.)(i-07 overran Lonibardy and erected there the Cisalpine Re- public. The country was lost by the French in 1709, hut was recovered in the memorable campaign of 1800 and held luitil 1814. In 1805 Napoleon had himself crowned with the iron crown as King of Italy. The Congress of Vienna (q.v.) made Lombardy, as well as Ve- netin, an Austrian province, as compensation for Belgium. The two provinces were constituted the Lonibardo- Venetian Kingdom (1815). They were given separate administrations, that of Lom- bardy being centralized at Jlilan, but one of the Austrian archdukes was made viceroy of liotli. The re|)rcssivc Austrian system of unchecked ab- solutism, maintained by a secret police, reduced Lombardy to the level of a conquered territory. The revolutionary year 1848 brouglit with it the inevitable revolt against these intolerable condi- tions, and Charles Albert (q.v.). King of Sar- dinia, came to the aid of Lombardy. His efforts to .secure the liberation of Italy enclcil in disaster. (See Italy.) The defeat of Xovara (March, 1849) put an end to the hope of liberation for ten years, during which the .Austrian yoke again rested heavily upon Lombardy. In 1859 the statesmanship of Cavour elTeeted that combina- tion whose first result was to wrest Lombardy from Austria. The campaign of the allied Freneli and Sardinian armies against .Austria was de- cided bv their victories at ^lagcnta and Solfcrino (.Tune,' 1850). By the Treaty of Zurich, con- chidcil in November, 1S50, Lombardy passeil from Austria to .'-Sardinia, and in 1801 it became part of the new Kingdom of Italy. See Italy. LOMBARDY, Renaissance AncniTErTuiiE of. The Renaissance style appears to have been brought into Lombardy about the middle of the fifteenth century by various artists from Flor- ence. Urbino. and other places south of Lonibardy, chief among whom were Antonio Averulino, known as Filarete, Donato of Urbino. the great Braniante, Michelozzo and .Alherti, of Florence. Pilarete was cathedral architect in Milan 1452- 54, and there in 1457 laid the lirst stone of his master work, the Great Hospital (U^pedale -Mag- giore) ; and began in 1457 also the cathedral of Hergamo. About the same time Michelozzo ol Florence built the Portinari chapel of San Eustor- gio at Jlilan, in the new style. Braniante, be- tween 1472 and 1498. built in Milan a continua- tion of Filarete's Great Hospital, the transept and sacristy of San Satiro, the lower part of the transept and choir of Santa Jlaria della Grazic. and its sacristy; near Jlilan the fa(;ade of .b- biata Grasso; at Conio the nave of the cathedral - of I'avia. Albcrti had meamvliile ]ilaniicd, and M shortly before his death in 147'2 begun, the great 1 Renaissance church of San Andrea at Mantua. This was the period of the rule of the Sforzas in Milan and Pavia, and of the (ionzagas at Mantua, under whom the arts were liberally en- couraged, and at Pavia especially a long list of native Lombard artists were eiiqdoycd on the magnificent fagade of the Ciirthusian cliureh ( L.i Certosa), begun in l.'ilMj as a Gothic cbureh, but left with an unfinished front until 1473. when Borgognone began the jiresent facade. Omadeo, who was eniploj'ed on this work, built also at Bergamo the beautiful Collconi chapel of S. Maria Maggiore. A few years later the highly ornate church of S. Maria dei Miracoli at Bres- cia, by unknown architects, and the Palazzo Coni- tinale in the same city, by Formentonc of 'i- cenza, and others (about 1489). carried the style to the eastern boundary of Lombardy. Meanwhile a Lombard family, the Solari, had established the style in Venice, so that the early Renaissance style in that city is sometimes known as the Lonibardie or Lombardesipie style (see LoMBARDi). Some of the other conspicuous monuments of the early Renaissance in this prov- ince are the Besta palace at Teglio, the court of the Stanga palace at Cremona, the cathedrals of Como and Bergamo, the interesting brick and terr.a cotta facades of .San Pictro at .Modena, of the church of the Madonna della Canipagna, and of the Palazzo dei Tribunali at Piaecnza, the Vezzani Pratonieri palace at Reggio. and many others. The Middle or High and the Late Re- naissance of the sixteenth century produced fewer works than the earlier jieriod ; but among these such master works as the Palazzo del T^ and the Grand Duke's palace at Mantua, with mag- nificent frescoes and stucco enrichments by Giu- lio Romano and his school, the Brera palace at Milan, the great church of San Domenico at Bo- logna, and the cathedral at Brescia, take high rank. The style of the Lombard works of the early Renaissance is more ornate, less reserved and majestic and large in scale than that of the Tuscan or Roman schools. This may in part be due to the widely prevalent use of brick and terra cotta. for which the abundance of excellent claj' in Lombardy furnished every advantage. It was at its best between 1472 and 1500. Consult: Burckhardt, Dcr Cicerone (Leipzig, 1900) ; Geymiiller. "The School of Bramante." in Transactions of the Ttoii'ii Institute of lirilish Architects (1890-91) : and Dolime. "Nord-italien- isehe Central-Bauten," in Jahrhiich der l-onip- lich preussischen KnnstsammlKnoen (vol. iii., 1882). LOMBOK, lom-bok'. One of the Sunda Isl- ands. Dutch East Indies, situated between the islands of Bali and Sumbawa, in latitude 8° 12' J