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LOMBOE. 421 LOMONOSOFF. to 9° r S., nnd longitude 115° 44' to 110' 40' E. (Map: Australasia, D 3). Its area is cstimateil at about 2100 square miles. 'I'lie islanil is of volcanic origin and mountainous, risinj; in its higlicst peak to an altitude of over l:i,000 feet. The coasts are well indented and form several good harbors. The soil in the valleys is fertile, jiroducing good crops of rice, corn, tobacco, sugar, indigo, and coffee. Stock-raising is also well de- veloped, buffaloes, cattle, and horses being ex- |Mirtcd to a considerable extent. Lonibok forms, iijgetber with Bali, a residency of the Dutch East Indies. The population of the island was esti- mated in 1890 at 635,500, composed chiefly of Sassaks (the aborigines), natives of Uali Island, and Malays. The chief to«ni is Mataram, on the AM'stern coast, and the chief commercial centre, Ampanan. Since the uprising of 1894 the island has been under the direct control of the Dutch. LOMBROSO, lom-brO'zo, Cesake (1830—). A noted Italian criminologist, born at Venice. He studied literature, linguistics, and archeology, but changed his plans and became an army sur- geon in 1859. In 1862 he was appointed professor of diseases of the mind at Pavia. and later took cluirge of the insane asylum at Pesaro, eventually becoming professor of medical law and psychiatry at Turin. The appearance of his great book. The Criminal (L'uomo delinquetite) , in 1875. marked the beginning of the science of criminal anthro- pology-, and Lombroso became the head of the Ital- ian school. It is the theory of Lombroso that there is a definite criminal type, the born crim- inal, distinguished from other men by physical stigmata which can be easily determined, diflfer- entiated from the normal anatomically as well as psychologically. Chief among these stigmata are excessive asymmetry of the skull, small cranial capacity, abnormal features, and slight growth of the beard relative to the hair on the head. Lombroso's work has been of great influence, but the general verdict is that the criminal type has not been established. Lombroso has been a con- stant and versatile writer. For many years he has been an editor of Archirio di psichiatrifi atilro- j>i)lo(iifi rriminnle e scienze penali. Among his works are: Iticnche sul cretinisnio in Lombardin ( 1859) ; Genio e folUa (1864) : Sttidi clinici sulle vialdttie mentali (1865) ; Sulla microcefalia e sul cretinismo con applicazione alia medicina leqale (1S73) ; 1,'atnore nel suicidio enel delitto (1881) ; f.'iinmo drlinr/ucnte (1875): Delitii di lihidinc I ISSfi) : L'uomo di penio in rapporlo alia psi- chiatria (1889): English translation. Man of Grnins (London, 1891): l^ulla medicina legale drl cadavcrc (2d ed. 1890) ; Palimsexti del car- rrre (1891) : Traftato della pellagra (1892) ; La iliinna delinquentc (1893): Le pii'i rcccnti sco- 1>ertrWed applicazinni delta pfiichiatria ed an- iropolopia criminale (1894): L'anti.iemitismo c Ir ficienze nioderne (1894) : Genio e dcfjenerazione I 1897). ilany of his books have been translated into Ficnili and German. LOMENIE, lo'mu'ne'. Loris Ltox.vRn de (1815-78). A French author, born at Saint Yrieix. He studied at Avignon, and in 1845 was appointed professor of French literature at the College de France. His first literary work was a series of biographical sketches, pulilishcd under the title Galerie dcs coniemporaims illuntres par vn Iwmme de rien (1846-47). In 1864 he was appointed professor of French literature in the Ecole Polyteclinique, and Ijccame a member of the French Academy. His chief work is lieau- maichais et son temps (1855), marked by much scholarly research. He also wrote La cc/mtessc de Roofiefort et ses amis (1871); Esquisses histo- riques et littiraires (1878) ; and Lea ilirabeau (1879). LOMENIE DE BEIENNE, de hrl-'C-n', ETiE.NXt lii.i!LEs UE (1727-94). A French car- dinal and politician, born in Paris. He became Archbishop of Toulouse in 1763, of Sens in 1788, and in the latter year cardinal. In 1770 he was elected a member of the Academy. He was friendly to the Encyclopaedists, and his orthodoxy was suspected by his contemporaries. He was made Comptroller-General of the Finances in 1787, to succeed Calonne, and Prime Minister in 1788; proved to be unequal to the task set him; and after having become involved in contests with the Parlements and been unable to save France from grave financial difficulties, was dis- missed in 1788. LOMMEL, lom'mel, EuGEX vox (1837-90). A German physicist, born at Edenkoben, in the Palatinate. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of ilunich from 1854 till 1858, and in ISOO became instructor in phj-sics at the Cantonal School of Schwj-z. in Switzerland. Five years afterwards he removed to Zurich, where he taught mathematics in the polytechnical school, and in 1867 returned to Germany to take a po- sition in the agricultural academy at llohen- heim. The next year he accepted the chair of physics at the L'niversity of Erlangen, where he remained until 1886, when he was appointed to the same chair at the University of Munich, in which city he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. Among his publications are: .S'/u- dien iiber die Besselschen Funktionen (1868); ^Vind und ^Vetter (2d ed. 1880) ; Das Wescn da Lichts (1874) ; Lehrbuch der Experimentalphy- sik (2d ed. 1894) ; and Georg Himon Ohms tc-is- senschaftliche Leistungen (1889), which was translated by W. Hallock under the title The t^cientific Wo7-k of George Simon Ohm (Smith- sonian Institution Report, 1891). LOMOND, lo'mond, LocH. The largest lake of Scotland, situated in the counties of Dumbar- ton and Stirling (ilap: Scotland, D 3). It is about 23 miles long and its width varies from 5 miles at the southern extremity to less than 1 mile at the northern end. The depth varies from 20 to 600 feet. It is surrounded by moim- tains (one of which is Ben Lomond) and wooded hills, and is celebrated for its picturesqueness. It contains .a large number of wooded islets and is navigated by steamers. The outlet of the lake is the Leven. a tributary of the Clyde. LOMONOSOFF, lo'mft-no'sof, :Mikiiaii. Va- siLVEviTCii (1711-05). A Russian poet, philolo- gist, and scientist. He was the son of a well-to- do fisherman of Denisovka, near Archangel. In 1720 he ran away to Moscow, where he entered a classical school in 1731 ; in 1736 he was sent to the Academic Gymnasium at Saint Petersburg, and later in the same vear, with two other stu- dents, to Germany. From 1736 to 1739 he was at Marburg under the tuition of the famous mathematician and philosopher Christian WolfT. Then for two years he studied metallurgy at Freiberg. Married to a German girl in 1740. he returned to Saint Petersburg, and was