Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/500

LONGSTBEET. 442 liONGUEVILLE. humorist, born in Augusta, Ga., September 22, 17'JO. Jle •;raduatcd at Vale (1813) and prac- ticfd law ill Georgia, becoming a district judge in 1822 and holding the oliice for several years. He then resumed practice and did editorial work in Augusta, where he established the Sentinel, soon merged with the Chronicle (1838). He became a iMetliodist minister, and in a year was made president of Emory College (1839). After nine years he accepted the presidency of Cente- n.uv i'oHege, Louisiana, then of the I'nivcrsity of JVIississippi. After six years in tlie last position he resigned and became a planter, but was tempted by the presidency of South Carolina College (1857), and in a few years he was back again at his old presidency in Mississippi. He had a great sectional reputation as a speaker and as a vehement States' rights man, and lie was a voluminous writer. His fame is based, however, on a single book, Gcoryia Scenes, originally pub- lished in newspapers, then gathered into a vol- ume at the South, and iimilly issued in New York in 1840. It is said that he disowned the second edition (18G7) and tried to destroy the first. He died in Oxford, IIiss., September 9, 1870. LONGSTBEET, James (1821-1904). A dis- tinguished Confederate General in the American Civil War. He was born in Edgefield, S. C, re- moved to Alabama with his parents in 1831, graduated at the United States Military Acad- emy in 1842. and was afterwards stationed at various places on the Western frontier. In the Jlcxican War he served with distinction in both the Northern and Southern campaigns, received the brevet of captain and major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Cburubusco, and at Molino del Rey, and was severely wounded in the assault upon Chapultepec. Afterwards he served chiefly on the Texas frontier, becoming paymaster in 1858. At the outbreak of the Civil War he resigned his commission in the United States Army, and entered the Confederate service with the rank of brigadier-general. He partici- pated with distinction in the first battle of Bull Kun, and was made major-general in 1802. In the first part of the Peninsular campaign he com- manded .Tosepli E. Johnston's rear-guard during the retreat before McClellan. He took part in the Seven Days' Battle and the seco;id battle of Bull Run, where his opportune arrival and mas- terly generalship were instrumental in securing the victory over Pope. ( See Bull Ri'n, Second Battle of.) After the battle of Fredericksburg, in which he commanded the Confederate left and repulsed Burnside's gallant but foolhardy at- tacks (see FKEDERicKsmRG. Battle of), he was promoted to a lieutenant-generalship. At Gettys- burg, after having strongly opposed Lee's plans before the battle, and having advocated the inter- posing of the Confederate army between the Fed- eral Army of the Potomac and ^A'ashington — a policy which he believed would force IVIcadc to fight on (lisadvantageous terms — he CDiiimandcd the right wing of the Army of Northern Virginia, thus directing, under Lee, the most stubborn fighting in that three days' conflict, including the famous charge of Pickett. (See Gettysbirg. Battle of.) He then was transferred to the Army of Tennessee inder Gen. Braxton Bragg (q.v.), and at the battle of Chickamauga (q.v.). by making an opportune attack, he was instru- mental in carrying the dav. After undertaking an unsuccessful movement against Burnside, who occupied a strong position at Ivnoxville, he joined Lee in Virginia early in 1804. He took a distinguished part in the Battles of the Wilder- ness, where he was severely wounded. He re- covered in time, however, to command the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia dur- ing the .second half of the year 1804. Gen- eral Longstrcet enjoyed the distinction of being one of the greatest fighters of the Confederacy, and possessed the unbounded confidence and af- fection of his soldiers. After the close of the war he engaged in business as a cotton factor in New Orleans, where he later became a Re- publican in politics, and from 1809 to 1873 held the office of Surveyor of Customs at the Port of New Orleans under General Grant. Later he held the offices of Supervisor of Internal Revenue in Louisiana and Postmaster at New Orleans. In 1875 he removed to Georgia, and in 1880-81 was in Turkey as United Slates Jlinister. In 1898 he was appointed United States Railway Commissioner. Besides writing for the maga- zines, he published a valuable work dealing with the Civil War, entitled From ManasKcis to .4/)- pomattoi (Philadelphia, 1890). liONGSWOBD. A surname of William the Conqueror. LONG-TAILED HUMMEB. A humming- bird {Aitkurus polytmus) of Jamaica, remark- able for the male having the feathers of the tail next the outermost on each side three times as long as the other rectrices, and curved so that they cross near their centres. The head is provided with a long black crest. It is very common in Jamaica, where many may sometimes be seen about a flowery bush, opening and shutting the long feathers of the tail with beautiful effect. The nest. is composed of silk cotton, the outside quite covered with spiders' webs, and built of lichens and bark. See Colored Plate of Hum- ming-Birds. LONG'TON. A town of Staffordshire, Eng- land, in the potteries district, two miles southeast of Stoke, on a tributary of the Trent (Map: Eng- land, D 4). It owns profitable gasworks and markets, and maintains baths, cemeteries, free library, technical schools, refuse destructor, ami the Queen's Park, a beautiful recreation-ground. Its growth was due to the manufacture of china and earthenware, and the presence of rich iron and coal mines in the neighborliood. It was in- corporated in 1805; in 1884 its boundaries were enlarged. Population, in 1891, 34,327; in 1901, 35,800. LONGTJETJIL, loN'ge'y'. A summer resort of Clinmbly County, Quebec, Canada, on the riglit bank of' the Saint Lawrence, opposite Hochclaga, the east ward of Montreal city (Map: (juebee, Co). It is much frequented for boating and bathing and contains the liomcs of many Mon- treal citizens. Population, in 1891, 2757; in 1901, 2835. LONGTJEVILLE, loNg'vel', Anne Genevi£ve DE BouRBON-CoNDfi, Duchess of (1019-79). A noted leader of the Fronde (q.v.) during the minority of Louis XIV. of France. She was born in the donjon of Vineennes, where her father, Henry II. of Bourbon, was a prisoner. She was the sister of the great Conde and the Prince de Conti. In 1042 .she became the wife of the Duke de Longueville, an old rouS. She