Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/503

LOO-CHOO. 445 LOOM. 3 inches in diameter, and their bite is speedily mortal. The people are probably of the same stock as the Japanese, whom they resemble to a great extent in their manners and customs. They are mild-mannered and courteous, and to the Chinese the Kingdom is known as the 'Land of Propriety.' Those of the higher classes are as secluded as "in China. Women tattoo their hands. The tombs are built of stone on the hillsides, and are horse- shoe-shaped as in China. The dead are buried in cofTins. but in the third year, when the flesh has rotted away, the bones are washed with sake and placed in urns. The language is closely allied to .Japanese, especially the Japanese of several centuries ago, and in both its accidence and syntax it greatly resembles Korean. It has no alphabet, Chinese having been for centuries the medium of com- munication, and Chinese literature, history, and philosophy the chief study of the learned." Two sects of Buddhism were introduced, but religion is now in decay and there is hardly a temple or a shrine. The population, at the "close of 1898, was 453,5.50. The Kingdom of Loo-choo first appears in Chinese history in the year 610, but little is known of it before 11S7, when one Sunten. said to have been a son of the famous .Japanese war- rior Tametomo (q.v.), ascended the throne. In 1372 it became tributary to China, .sending a mission to Peking every other year, and its kings receiving investiture from the Emperor. The first intimate relations with .Japan began in 1451. when presents were sent to the Asliikaga Khoguns. In IGOn the islands became subject to the D.ainiio of Satsuma. and from that time tribute was paid to both countries until 1874y when China relinquished her claims by treaty with .Japan, and the .Japanese gar- risoned the chief city and its seaport. In 187fi Shotai, the King, was carried to Tokio and made a marquis (died August in. 1901). and in 1879 the islands not already included in Kagoshima Prefecture were incorporated into the Japanese Em- pire; the ken or prefecture of Okinawa (q.v.) was established, and grouped with the nine provinces of Kiushiu. The peo- ple, however, are still without the elective franchise. See China Review, vol. viii. (Hong Kong. 1879) ; Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. i. (Yoko- hama, 1874) : also vol. iv. (1876) ; vol. .xi. (1893): vol. xxiii. (1895) on Lu- chuan Language ; and vol. xxiv. on Li(- ohuan Bibliography (1896). Also JoM)-- nal of the Society of Arts (London, 1881) ; and Journal of the Royal Geo- graphical Society, vol. v. (London, 1895). LOOPS, lofs, Friedrich (1858— ). A German Lutlicran theologian, born at Hildesheim. Han- over. He studied at Leipzig. Tubingen, and GiJt- tingen ; was appointed a lecturer in Churcli his- tory at Leipzig in 1882: received a professorship there in 1886: and in 1887 obtained appointment to a jirofessorship in Halle, where he subsequent- ly occupied the chair of Church history. His writings number: Antiqua; liritonum flcoto- rumr/iir Erctesia;(HS2) : Leitfaden zum Stitdittm der Dogmnigeschichte (1889. 3d ed. 1893) : Pre- digten (1892-1901); Studien iiber die dem Jo- hannes von Damaskus zugeschriebenen Parallclen (1892); Anli-Haeckel (1900; 4lh ed. in that year) ; Grundlinien der I< irrhmgeschichte [ISOl) . LOOK AND SAY METHOD. See Readi.ng. LOOKDOWN. A name about Chesapeake Bay for the horsehead or silver moonfi.sh {Selene vomer). See Moonfish. LOOKOUT, Cape. See Cape Lookout. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, B.ttle of. See ClI.VTTAXOOG.V, BaTTI.F. OF. LOOK-UP LEGION. See Le.nd a Hand Clubs. LOOM (AS. ge-loma, aud-loma, tool, instru- ment, implement). The machine by which weav- ing is effected. In its essence, weaving consists in passing one set of threads transversely through another set, divided into two or more series and moved alternately up and down, so as to receive the transverse threads in passing, and interlock- ing them, forming thereby a united surface. The machine, in order to accomplish this result, must be capable of three distinct movements; first, the forming of the shed, that is, separating the threads of the icarp — as the threads which run throughout the length of the finished fabric are called, which have been wound upon the iiarp- beam and placed in the loom — into two or more series, raising a part and depressing the balance, leaving a space between, through which the weft or filling is passed: second, the passing of the shuttle containing the bobbin of filling throu'.'h the shed so formed either by hand or mechanical means; third, beating up "this thread of filling left in the shed by the shuttle against the one which preceded it. The process of weaving is A Fig. 1. HAND-LOOM. simply a continued repetition of these three movements in the order named. The main function of the loom is to hold the working parts in their proper position. In the ordinary hand-loom, Fig. 1, two rollers, 1, 2, are placed one at each end of the frame, AjVAA, so that they will readil.v turn on the axes; and from one to the other the tlireads of the warp, X, are stretched after having been drawn through the eyes of the hcddlr.i. Z, of the loom-harness, BC, and the reed, which is a frame suspended from the batten, 3, and are kept tight by weights, gg. If the cloth to be woven is to be a 'plain' cloth — that is, one in which every second