Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/509

LOON. 451 LOPEZ. In winter they move southward and are to be seen all over the more northerly States. Other species arc the red-throated loon (Gavia lumme), with a darker back, bluish gray head and neck, and throat marked with a chestnut patch, which is northerly in its breeding haunts, but in winter migrates as far south as Mexico; the yellow- billed loon {(Jaiia Adamsi) , an Arctic resident; the black-throated [Oavia afclica), also Arctic; and the Pacific loon {Gavia Pacifica) of the North Pacific coasts. All have similar habits. They rareh' come upon land, but swim well out in the open, shy and watchful, and are able to dive with such astonishing quickness and force that they can often dodge the missiles from a gun. Their food consists altogether of fish, which they chase under water with marvelous swift- ness by using their wings just as in flight. Hav- ing overtaken the fish, they transfix it with their spear-like beaks, then bring it to the surface, toss it into the air and catch and sw-allow it head first. Their voices are prolonged raucous cries, sometimes described as a weird sort of laughter; and these cries, usually associated with lonely waters and hardship, have led to many tales and superstitions among northern peoples. An account of some of them will be found in Wat- ters. Birds of Ireland (Dublin. 1853). The loons are of great service to the Eskimos of Alaska, who use their skins extensively for the making of clothing, tool-bags, etc. Consult, in addition to standard ^vorks and the books of writers on the zoology of Alaska (q.v. ) : Coues, Birds cf the yorthuest (Washington. 1874) : Mclhvraith, Birds of Ontario (Toronto, 1894) ; ilacouu. Catalogue of Canadian Birds (Ottawa, 1900). LOOPEE. See JIeasurixg Worm. LOOPHOLES (from loop, OF. loup, probably from Dutch liiip, ambush, from luipen, to peep + hole). In fortifications or field works, small apertures through which the defenders may fire. See Fortification. LOOS, liis, Charles Louis (1823—). An American educator. He was born in Lower Al- sace, France, and came to the United States in 1834. In 1846 he graduated from Bethany Col- leg*. and he subsequently held pastorates at Wellsburg. Va.. Somerset, Pa., and Cincinnati, Ohio. He was elected president of Eureka College at Eureka, 111., in 1857, and from 18.58 to 1880 was professor of ancient languages in Bethany College. In 1880 he became president of Ken- tuclcy University. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. A popular name for an order of plants. See LyTHRACE.B. LOOSJES, los'yes, Adriaan Pieter.szoon ( 1701- 1818). A Dutch novelist, born on the island of Texel. He was educated for the Church, but afterwards became a bookseller in Haarlem. Ho wrote several mediocre novels, principally of the historical sort. He also wrote poems, Min- vr'anyen (1784), and plays. His romances in- clude: Frank van Borselen en Jacoha ran Beijeren (1790-91); Charlotte van Bourbon (1792): Louise de Coligny (1803); Johan de ^Ht (1805) ; Ilistorie ran Mejufrrouw f^manna Bronkhorst (1806-07). a novel in the form of letters; Maurits Lijnslager (1808) ; and Johan- nes yVouter Blommesteyn (1816). LOOT. A military term, denoting any prop- erty that has been pillaged from an enemy. Looting is frequently used as a synonym for pil- lage, or the plundering of an enemy by open force. Formerly, the privilege of looting an ene- my's city or encampment was the right of the soldiery, and was frequently oflered as an in- ducement to obtain reinforcements or reeruitSi S|)ecial regulations now govern the practice in all the armies of the world. See Booty. LOPE DE AGUIRRE, lO'pa dft ii-ge'r&. A Spanish adventurer and explorer in South Ameri- ca. See Aguirre, Loi'E ije. LOPE DE RUEDA, da roo-a'oa. A Spanish dramatist. See Rueda, Lope de. LOPE DE VEGA, v:Vga. See Vega Cabpio. LOPES, lo'pash. Fern am (1.380?-?). Patri- arch of the Portuguese historians. In 1434, at the request of Dom Duarte, then heir to the throne, he began to compile his chronicles, the chief of which is the Chronica del rcij D. Johann de hoa memoria (first printed in 1644). This work, dealing with events down to 1415, con- tains much matter of a romantic nature and many anecdotic elements incident to the events narrated and the chief figure treated. A certain resemblance between his methods and those of the French writer has caused him to be styled the Portuguese Froissart. Other works by Lopes are the Chronica de D. Fernando and the Chro- nica de D. Pedro (published in the Inedilos de historia, portugueza, vol. iv. ). Consult Vascon- cellos in Qcschichte der portugicsischen Littera- tur, in Grober's Grundriss dcr romanischen Phi- lolngie, vol. ii. (Strassburg, 1894). LOPEZ, lo'pas, CvRLOS Antomo (c.1795- 1802). A President of Paraguay. He was born in Asuncion, and after studying civil and canon law at the ecclesiastical seminary in that city lived for a number of years in seclusion to avoid the hostility of Dr. Francia. then dictator of Paragxiay. Upon Francia's death in 1840 he re- turned to the capital, and acted as secretary to the military junta which had become the de facto Government of Paraguay. In 1841 he was elected First Consul, and from 1844 till his death held the office of President, to which the Congress had elected him for a term of ten years from 1844, of three years from 1854. and of seven years from 1857, with power in the latter case to name his successor by will. During his administra- tion, which was virtually a dictatorship, he be- gan the organization of an army and navy, opened Paraguay to foreign commerce, made com- mercial treaties with foreign powers, built a rail- road, and sent many Paraguayans to Europe to be educated. His arbitrariness and hostility to foreigners gave rise to many diplomatic diflicul- ties between Paraguay and foreign States. His administration was in general, however, a period of internal tranquillity and material prosperity. LOPEZ, Francisco Sola.o (1827-70). Presi- dent of Paraguay. He was the son of Carlos Antonio Lopez and was born at Asuncion. At the age of eighteen he was appointed by his father commander-in-chief of the Paraguayan army. In 1854 he was sent to Europe on n diplomatic mission, and negotiated treaties with England. France, and Sardinia. On his return to Paraguay he assumed the otTice of Minister of War. He was ambitious of establishing a powerful empire in the heart of South America, and. by raising a powerful army of 80.000 men aiid husbanding the riches gathered by