suit Butler Clark's reprint of the first edition of the Spanish text (London. 1897); KoulehC- Delhose's edition (Madrid, 1901); Stahr, "Men- doza's Lazarillo de Tormes," in the Dcutsches Jdhrhiichcr fiir Politik unci Literatur (Berlin, 18(J2).
LAZ'ARISTS, or Congbegation of the JIis-
siox. An Order of missionary priests in the
Roman Catholic Church, founded by Saint Vin-
cent de Paul. Being for a time in the country,
he found great need for religious instruction
to exist among the peasants, and gathered several
priests around him to forward this work. As it
grew, Adrien l.e Bon, Prior of Saint Lazaire,
ofTered his priory for their use; they took pos-
session of the house in 10.32, and got the name
of Lazarists from it. The institution was offi-
cially approved by the founder's patron, Fran-
cois de Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, in 1626,
and in 1632 by Pope Urban VIII. As their
primary object was to instruct and edify the
peasants, it was stipulated in the original deed
of endowment that they should neither preach
nor administer any sacrament in towns which
are the seat of bishops, archbishops, or courts
of justice, except in cases of extreme necessity."
Besides their special work, they sought to reform
the clergy by means of conferences and the estab-
lishment of seminaries. Saint Vincent prudently
gave his rule no final shape until after many years
of experience, in 1058. In his own lifetime mis-
sionaries had been sent to Italy in 10;iS. Tunis
in 1643, Algiers, Ireland, and the Hebrides in
1640. and Madagascar in 1048; and before his
death in 1060 the congregation numbered 622
members. The first house in Spain was founded
by a colony from Rome in 1704; the Spanish
Lazarists kept persistently at their work, in spite
of difficulties with liberal and revolutionary gov-
ernments, and now pos.sess sixteen houses. The
French congregation also .suffered severely from
the Revolution, but was restored in 1804. receiv-
ing 15.000 francs from the public exchequer and
a hospital in Paris. Xapoleon, however, abol-
ished them once more in 1809 and confiscated
their property, which was restored by Louis
XVIII. in 1810; they subsequently possessed
fifty-six houses in France. They were invited to
Germany in 17S1 by the Elector' Palatine Charles
Theodore, who intrusted to them some institutions
which had been conducted by the .Jesuits Ijefore
their suppression. They began work in Prussia
in 1850. and had already eight houses when they
were driven out by the Kulltirkampf of 1873.
They maintained a mission in ^Madagascar from
1048 to 1825. In China they have had a long
and notable career from 1007 to the present day.
and several of them have filled the olfice of
vicar apostolic. The first Lazarist to work in
North America came there in 1815 under the
leadership of Dubourg, the future Bishop of Xew
Orleans; the Order in the United States is now
divided into two provinces, with over a dozen
houses. See Vixce.N't de Paul, Saixt: and con-
sult the works mentioned there, and Recuril dcs
principales cirrulnires den xtipcrieurs (ji^ncraux de
la Congregation dc la Mission (3 vols., Paris,
1877) ; Mf moires de la Congregation de la Mis-
sion (9 vols., ib., 1863) ; Annales de la Congre-
gation de h, Mission (55 vols., ib., 1834-89).
LAZARUS (Gk. Adfopos, La2oro.s, more correctly 'EXedfapos, Elea::aros, from the Heb. 'El (/car, God has helped). (1) The name (probably fictitious) given by -Jesus to the piMjr l)eggar in the parable, Luke'.xvi. 19-3L The unsupported
idea that he was a leper has given rise to the
term 'lazar-hou.se,' meaning leper hospital. (2)
The brother of Martha and Mary (q.v.) and a
beloved friend of Jesus. He is named only in
.Jolin xi. and xii. The literal truth of the story
of the resurrection of Lazarus there given has
been serioasly questioned in many quarters. .V
number of attempts have been made to explain
it so as to preserve its lofty teaching and at the
same time eliminate the miracle. Consult the
lives of Christ by Strauss, Renan, Weiss, Eders-
heim, O. Holtzmann, and Rhees for various
views. For the prominent place given to the
resurrection of Lazarus in early Christian art,
consult Smith and Cheetham. Dietionnri/ of
Christian Antiquities, vol.. i., pp. 949-9.50 (Lon-
don, 1875-80).
LAZ'ARUS, Emma (1840-87). An American Jewish poetess and philanthropist, born in New York City, July 22, 1849, and privately educated. She was attracted in youth to poetry, and published a volume of poems and translations at the age of eighteen. Admetus and Other Poems followed in 1871, and showed ripening talent; but her first mature work is Alide, a prose romance, based on an episode in Goethe's life (1874). The Spagnoletto, a tragedy (1870), was much praised. Poems and Ballads of Heine
followed in 1881, and her original poems. Songs of a Semite, in 1882. When the Jews, expelled in great numbers from Russia, began to appear in destitute multitudes in New York in the winter of 1882. Miss Lazarus interested herself actively in providing technical education to make them self-supporting. She wrote also In Exile
(1882), The Crowing of the Red Cock, and The Banner of the Jew (1882). A collection of Poems in Prose (1887) was her last book. Several of her translations from mediaeval Hebrew writers
have found a place in the ritual of American synagogues. Her Complete Poems with a Memoir appeared in 1888, at Boston.
LAZARUS, la'tsa-roos, Mobitz (1824-1903). A
German philosopher and psychologist. He was
born at Filehne in Posen. and studied in Ber-
lin. In 1859 he became prominently connected
with philosophical thought by founding with
Steinthal the Zeitsehrift fiir VUlherpsiiehologie
tind i^prachirissensehaft. and became a leader in
the modern Herbartian School. In 1860 he was
chosen professor at Bern; in 1808 he became
teacher of philosophy at the Berlin Military
.cademy, and in 1873 was made professor at the
University of Berlin. His more important works
are: Das Lehen der Seele in M onographien (3d
ed. 1883 sqq.) ; Zur Lehre von den Sinnestiiii-
sehungcn ( 1807) ; Veher den rrspriing der Silten
(2d ed. 18(i7) ; Ueber die Ideen in der (lesehiehto
(2d ed. 1872); Ideale Fragen (3d ed. 1885):
Erziehung und Geschichte (1881); Was heissi
nationale (1880); Vnser Standpiinlt (1881):
Ueber die Reize des Spiels (1883) ; and Ethik des
Judentums (•2d ed. 190J).
LAZES, lii'zgz. A branch of the Mingrelian section of the Georgian stock, dwelling in the Caucasus in the Batum-Trebizond region, chiefly in Turkish territory. By some they are considered to be the descendants of the ancient Colchians. The Lazian language, which is spoken
