for the water-works, and $100,000 for police courts, jails, reformatories, etc. The city owns and operates the water-works; the plant, built at a cost of nearly $6,000,000, was acquired in 1860, and the whole system now comprises over 230 miles of mains. The sewerage system has over 105 miles of mains, and there are 26 miles of mains for natural gas, which is used to a considerable extent for domestic purposes. The total property valuation is placed at $130,000,000.
Population, in 1800, 359; in 1830, 43,194; in 1860, 68,033; in 1870, 100,753; in 1880, 123,758; in 1890, 161,129; in 1900, 204,731, including 21,400 persons of foreign birth, and 39,100 of negro descent.
In 1778 thirteen families came down the river with Col. George Rogers Clarke, and settled on a small island—since eaten away by the river—near the head of the Ohio Falls. In the following year they moved to the mainland and laid the foundations of the present city. In 1780 the settlement, with a population of about 60, was incorporated as a town by the Virginia Legislature, and named Louisville in honor of Louis XVI. of France. In 1824 it was chartered as a city by the Kentucky Legislature. On August 6, 1855 (‘Bloody Monday’), a mob, said to have been incited by the ‘Know-Nothings,’ destroyed much property and a number of lives. During the Civil War the city was Unionist in sympathy. In September, 1862, the Confederates under General Bragg threatened an attack, but withdrew on the arrival of General Buell's army. In March, 1890, a tornado that swept through the city caused the death of 100 persons and destroyed property worth $3,000,000. Consult: Johnston, Memorial History of Louisville (Chicago, 1896); and Powell, Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 1900).
LOUIS WILLIAM I., Margrave of Baden-Baden (1655-1707). He was the son of Ferdinand Maximilian, heir to the throne of Baden. He was born in Paris, brought up in Baden, and served under Montecuculi against the French. After the Treaty of Nimeguen (1678), he fought against the Turks, in 1683 at Vienna, in 1689 at Nissa, in 1690 in Transylvania, in 1691 at Slankamen. In 1693 he was on the Rhine, captured Heidelberg, and fought in Alsace. During the War of the Spanish Succession he served under Marlborough, and became field-marshal in 1704. He was an excellent military engineer.
LOULÉ, lō̇-lā′. A town in the extreme southern part of Portugal, in the Province of Algarve, picturesquely situated seven miles northwest of Faro (Map: Portugal, A 4). It is an old town with remains of Moorish walls and towers, and several notable churches, one of which is a place of pilgrimage. The principal industry is the manufacture of wickerwork, and there are silver and copper mines in the neighborhood. Population, in 1878, 14,448; in 1900, 22,511.
LOUNS′BURY, Thomas Raynesford (1838—). An American literary historian and critic, born in Ovid, N. Y., January 1, 1838. Lounsbury graduated at Yale in 1859, and has since received honorary degrees from Yale, Harvard, Lafayette, and Princeton. He was engaged editorially on the New American Cyclopædia from 1860 to 1862, and enlisted then in the 126th New York Volunteers, in which he served to the close of the Civil War. He then taught in New York and studied Early English. In 1870 he became instructor in English in Yale College, and in 1871 professor of English literature in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, of which school he was also librarian. He continued to investigate the older periods of English, and in this field edited Chaucer's House of Fame and Parlement of Foules, and wrote his most important work, Studies in Chaucer (3 vols., 1891), a monument of scholarly industry, but equally remarkable for literary appreciation and critical acumen. He published in 1879 a History of the English Language, and a life of James Fenimore Cooper in the “American Men of Letters Series” (1883). This is regarded as one of the best of brief biographies. His latest work is a history of Shakespearean criticism entitled Shakespearean Views, of which two volumes, Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist and Shakespeare and Voltaire, have appeared.
LOUPS. The French name for the Delawares and certain other Indian tribes. See Mahican.
LOURDES, lo͞ord. One of the chief places of Catholic pilgrimage in Europe, in the Department of Hautes-Pyrénées, France, on the right bank of the Gave de Pau, 90 miles by rail east-southeast of Bayonne (Map: France, F 8). It is a small town commanded by an old fortress now used as a prison. There are many grottoes and marble-quarries in the vicinity. The fame of Lourdes dates from the reputed apparition of the Virgin to the fourteen-year-old Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. The grotto near which the apparition took place is now surmounted by a magnificent church built in accordance with the wish of the Virgin and containing numerous banners, shields, medallions, tablets, and other precious gifts from pilgrims who visit Lourdes. These number about 300,000 per annum. Near the grotto is the miraculous spring, the water of which is diverted into several basins in which the ailing pilgrims bathe. The water is also exported in bottles. Economically the town is entirely dependent on the pilgrims, and its chief products are various souvenirs, mostly of a religious character, and marble. Population, in 1901, 8708. Consult: Les annales de Notre-Dame de Lourdes; Fourcade, L'apparition de Lourdes considérée au point de vue de l'art chrétien (Bordeaux, 1862); Pèlerinage national de Notre Dame de Salut (Paris, 1895); Boissarie, Lourdes, Histoire médicale (Paris, 1891); Zola, Lourdes (Paris, 1894); Gué, Histoire de Notre Dame de Lourdes (Paris, 1896).
LOURDES. A novel by Zola, based on the professed miracles performed at Lourdes. The work is interesting for its vivid descriptions of the pilgrimages and processions of devotees. Its attitude provoked the displeasure of the Church authorities.
LOURE, lo͞or. An ancient French dance in 34 or 64 time and slow tempo. It was named after an old French instrument resembling a bagpipe.
LOURENÇO MARQUES, lō̇-rāN′sō̇ mär′kĕsh. The southern province of Portuguese East Africa (q.v.).
LOUSE (AS., OHG. lūs, Ger. Laus, louse; perhaps connected with AS. lēas, OHG. lōs, Goth. laus, empty, vain, AS. for-lēosan, Goth. fraliusan, OHG. for-liosan, Ger. ver-lieren, to lose,
