Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/567

LOWELL. 503 LOWEB AUSTRIA. suit Edward Everett, Memoir of John Loicell, Jr. (Boston, 1840). LOWELL, .Josephine (Shaw) (1843—). An American pliilanthropist and author, born at West Roxbury, ilass. She was educated in New York, Boston, and Europe, and in 18G3 married Col. Charles Russell Lowell, who was killed in the battle of Cedar Creek. Va., 1864. She was appointed by Governor Tilden Commissioner of the Xew York State Board of Charities and was reappointed by several succeeding Governors, her period of service extending from 1877 until 1889. After retiring from the State board she engaged in other charitable works. She published ! Public Relief and Private Charity (1884) ; and Indus- trial Arbitration and Conciliation (1893). LOWELL, Mabia (White) (1821-53). Tlie first wife of James Russell Lowell, whom she married in 1844. She was bom in Watertown, Mass., .July 8, 1821, and died in Cambridge, Octo- ber 27, 18.53. Mrs. Lowell is known in American letters for her writings against slavery, for her influence on her husband in the cause of aboli- tion, and for the beauty and sincerity of her character. Her poems, of which the best known is probably "The Moming-Glory," a simple and tender lyric, were privately printed in 1855. LOWELL, Pebcival (1855—). An American traveler, astronomer, and author, born in Boston, March 13. 1855. Ixjwell was educated at the Boston Latin School and at Harvard University, from which he graduated in 1876. He then passed some years in .Japan and Korea, the lite- rary fruits of which are: Choson : The Land of the Morning Calm (1885). a sketch of Korea; The Soul of the Far jPast (1886) ; ^^oto. an Un- explored Corner of Japan (1886) : and Occult Japan, or the Way of the Gods (1886). Lowell is known also for an historical study, The Eve of the Revolution, and an astronomical volume, Mars. LOWELL, Robert Tbaill Spence (1816-91). An American clergl,^nan and author. He was born in Boston ; was educated at Xorthampton, Mass., and at Harvard Lniyersity. where he was graduated in 1833, and then took a full course in the Harvard Medical School. He en- gaged in mercantile pursuits, but began to study theology in 1839. and to prepare for orders in the Episcopal Church. On invitation of Bishop Spencer he went to Bermuda ; was ordained priest there and in 1843 appointed domestic chaplain to the bishop. Later he was trans- ferred to Newfoundland and was put in charge of the church at Bay Robert. He returned to the United States in 1847, and began mission work in Newark. N. J., where he organized a church. In 1859 he became rector of Christ Church, Duancsburg, N. Y., where he remained ten years ; then became head master of Saint Mark's School. Southborough, Mass., and in 1873 professor of the Latin language and literature in Union Col- lege. He published: The Xeiv Priest in Concep- tion Bail (1858) ; Fresh Hearts, and Other Poems (1860) ; Anthony Brade (1874) : A f<tory or Two from an Old Dutch Town (1878) : Rur- goyne's March, the poem of the Saratoga County Centennial Celebration at Bemis Heights. 1877. He was a brother of .James Russell Lowell. LbWENDAL, 16'vaN'dal', Ger. pron. le'ven- dal. Ulrich Fbiedkich Woldemab, Count von (1700-55). A marshal of Trance, great-grand- son of Frederick 111. of Denmark. He was born at Hamburg; entered the .service of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland ; wa.s made field-marshal and inspector of infantrj' in the Sa.on Army; and in 1733 defended Cracow against the attack of the Pol- ish insurgents. For the next two years, during the War of tiie Polish Succession, be was in com- mand of Saxon troops on the Rliine, and then entered the Russian .rmy, winning distinction in the campaigns against the Turks and Swedes. Having become a Catholic and entered the Frencli Army, he was made a lieutenant-general and served in the Netherlands with great success. After taking Bergen-op-2!oom (September 6, 1747) he was made Marshal of France. LOWENTHAL, le'ven-tal, Joiianx .Takob (1810-70). An Hungarian-English chess-player, born at Budapest. By 184! he was recognized as one of the best chess-players in Europe. In 1849 he went to the United States, where he met the chief players, including C. H. Stan- ley, Dudley, and Paul Morphy. In 1851 he went to London to take part in a chess tourna- ment, and became a resident of that city, where he was employed in editing the chess department of the Era and of the Illustrated A'eics of the World. He also edited the Chess-Player's Maga- zine from 1863 to 1867. From 1865 to I869'he was manager, of the British Chess Association. In 1860 he published Morphy's Games of Chcis with Analytical and Critical Soles, and in 1867- 69 Transactions of the Rritish Chess Association. Many of his games may be found in Walker's Chess Studies (London. 1804) and the Chess- Player's Chronicle, as well as in his own Chess- Player's Magazine. LOWER, lou'er, Ricn.BD (1631-91). An English physiologist. He was born in Cornwall ; was educated at Westminster School and Oxford, and studied medicine under Dr. Thomas Willis. In 1666 he went to London, where he eventually attained prominence in the practice of medicine, and became a fellow of the Royal Society and of the College of Physicians. His anatomical ami physiological researches, concerned chiefly with the structure of the brain and the process of direct transfusion of blood, have permanent value. His chief publication, containing the re- sults of the above studv, is the Traclatus de Cordr (1660). LOWER AUSTRIA, or At stkia Below the Enn".s. An archduchy and crownland of Austria, occupying the eastern part of the original Arch- duchy of Austria — the nucleus of the Austro- Hungarian monarchy (Map: Austria-Himgary, D 2). It is boimded by Bohemia and Moravia on the north, by Hungary on the east, by Styria (the Senmiering Alps) on the south, and by Upper Austria and Bohemia on the west. Area. 7654 square miles. Capital, Vienna. Lower Austria is divided by the Danube, which traversolongs to the region of the Alps and slopes toward the Danube. The northern part is less mountainous and partakes of the character of the Bohemian and Moravian mountain systems. The southern portion aboumls in picturesque river valleys. Among the tributaries of the Danube in the crownland are the Enns, Ybbs. Traiscn. and Eamp. The March and the Leitha form part of