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LOWTH. 506 LOYAL LEGION. doly Hcripiure (1708) ; and Commentary on the Prophets (1714-25), afterwards printed as a part of Bishop Patrick's conunentary on the Old Testament and with the commentaries of Whitby, Arnold, and Lownian on the New. Consult his Life in the seventh edition of his Directions for the Profitable Heading of the Holy Scriptures (London, 170!)). LOWTHER, lou'THer, James William ( 1855 — ) . An English politician. He was educated at King's College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1879 was admitted to the bar. He was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for Rutland iji 18S3, and in lSS<i for (he Penrith division of Cumberland. lu 18914)2 he was Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and in 1895 was appointed deputy Speaker and chairman of Ways and Jleans. LOWVILLE. A village and the county-seat of Lewis County. N. Y., 58 miles north by west of Utiea; on the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. It is the centre of the hop- growing, agricultural, and dairying interests in the county. Lowville Academy has a library of over 4000 volumes, and among the finest struc- tures in the village are the county buildings, town hall, and the club-house. Population, in 1890, 2511; in 1900, 2352. LOXA, liViin. The name of two towns, one in Spain, the other in Ecuador. See Loja. LOX'ODROME (from Ok.XoJAs, loxos, oblique, + dp6/j.os, dronids, course, fniiii Spajueii/, dramcin, to run). A line which cuts the meridians of a sphere under a constant angle. *rhis curve, re- sembling the logarithmic spiral (see SnuAL), was named the loxodromia sphterica by Snellius (1024). A ship continuing to sail on a given course would traverse such a line, called by navi- gator.s a 'rhumb-line' {Rumhus, so called by Pe- dro Nunez, 15.50). Since the introduction of steam navigation the geodetic line has replaced the loxodrome in practical use. The loxodrome in passing around the sphere approaches the pole nearer and nearer, but cannot reach it by a finite number of turns. For theoretical studies of the loxodrome, consult: Xourclhs aniialcs dc mathc- inaliijues (1861) ; and Journal dc mathematiques sp^ciales (1885). For historical notes, consult Jiiilhtin dcs sciences mathematiques (1870). LOYALISTS, or Tories. In American his- tory, tho.se persons in the thirteen original colo- nies who at the time of the Revolutionary War remained loyal to the British Government. They represented various classes and seem to have act- ed upon varying and widely divergent motives. In their ranks were included: (1) a large ma- jority of the oflice-holders and their immediate following; (2) a large majority of those who stood for the moneyed and cominercial interests of the colonies; (3) probably a majority of those who belonged to the so-called learned professions; (4) a majority of those who were conservatives by temperament or training; (5) numerous hang- ers-on, opportunists, and low politicians, who. be- lieving that the revolting colonists would ulti- mately be subdued, ostentatiously adhered to the Crown in the hope of securing gain and prefer- ment. With regard to the total number of the Loyalists estimates have varied widely, some writers asserting that they constituted a clear majority of the colonial population, others that they constituted at the best but a small minority. John Adams, at the clo.se of the Revolution, esti- mated that fully a third of all the people in the colonies — one million out of the total population of about three millions — were opposed to the measures of the Revolution in all its stages. In New York, Penn.sylvania, Connecticut, North Carolina, and South Carolina, Loyalists were found in greatest numbers. The Patriots or yVhigs in all the States, being thoroughly organ- ized and aggressive, early got the upper hand, and, advancing from social ostracism, boycott, and horseplay, passed rigorous acts against the Loyalists, banishing many, often under penalty of death, deporting many more, attainting others of treason, confiscating the estates of many, and subjecting all who remained within the American lines to a more or less constant surveillance. During the progress of the war many Loyalists fled to England or to some British possession, many took refuge in places such as New York, held teiii- porarily by the British troops, and a large num- ber enlisted for active dutj' against their fellow colonists, frequently rendering .services of great yahie to the British commanders. Some Loyal- ist companies, recruited from the lower anil baser elements, committed numerous atrocities and did much to accentuate the hatred felt for the Loyalists as a class by the Whigs. In the treaty of peace closing the war the commission- ers of the United States agreed that the Conti- nental Congress should recommend to the various States the rescinding of their anti-Loyalist laws. the permitting of Loyalists to buy back their confiscated estates, and abstention from the pass- ing of new' confiscation acts or other acts directed against the lives or property of Loyalists. Con- gress accordingly made the specified recommenda- tions, which, however, were little heeded by the States; and in the years immediately following the cessation of hostilities thousands of the Loy- alists fled from the country, taking refuge prin- cipally in Canada, whither between 40,000 and 50,000 are said to have gone prior to 1780. It was by these emigrants, who styled themselves "United Empire Loyalists," that New Brunswick and Upper Canada (Ontario) were founded. The British Government made liberal provision for the Loyalists after the Revolution, and paid out a large sum of money to those who had "sufTered in their rights, properties, and professions — in consequence of their loyalty to his Majesty and attachment to the British Government." Con- sult: Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution (New York, 1902) ; Ryerson, Loyal- ists of America. IdiO-lSld (2 vols.. Toronto, 1880) ; Sabine. Biographical Sketches of Loyal' ists of the American Revolution, vith an His- torical Essay (2 vols., Boston, 1864) ; Flick, Loyalism in Neic York During the American Revolution (New York, 1901); Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution (2 vols.. New York, 1807) ; Canniff, History of the Province of Ontario (Toronto, 1872) ; and a chapter, with bib- liography, in Winsor, Narrative and Critical His- tory of America, vol. vii. (Boston. 1888). LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES, Military Order of the. A patriotic society, organized April 15, 1805, by officers of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United States who had fought during the Civil War, for the purpose of cherishing the memory of those