Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/574

LTJBECK. 510 LUBLIN. facade is covered with ])urlraits of German em- perors, princes, and loial dignitaries. The in- terior, restored in 1887-01, has a magniticent Btaircase and a number of imposing chambers with mural paintings and the arms of the Hansa towns. Especially interesting is its 'war cham- ber.' Other buildings attesting the ancient sig- nificance of the town are the house of the Schif- fergesellschaft and the Chamber of Commerce. Liibeck has numerous educational institutions, including the old Katharinoum, now a gymna- sium, a realijyinnasiuin in the ilinorite cloister, a private gjnmasium, two rcalschulen, a school of navigation, a seminary for teachers, and a nmnicipal theatre. The municipal library, found- ed in 1020, contains over lO.'j.OOO volumes (in- eluding 890 incunabula) and numerous ilSS. and documents. The museum, built in 1889-92, pos- sesses meritorious collections relating to the his- tory of the town, as well as ethnographical, eccle- siastical, and art collections. The most noteworthy of the benevolent institutions is the Hospital zuni Heiligen Geist, with an early Gothic chapel of the thirteenth century. Liibeck was never an important industrial city, and its manufacturing industries are still subordinate to its commerce. The chief manufactures are machinery, ironware, ships, chemicals, spirits, preserves, cigars, etc. The extensive commerce is mostly with Den- mark. Sweden, and Russia. The harbor has been made accessible to heavy vessels by the canaliza- tion of the Trave. The rivalry of Hamburg, which, since the completion of the Kaiser Wilhelra Canal, had threatened the commercial existence of Liibeck, has been somewhat lessened in eflfect by the Elbe-Trave Canal, which was opened in 1900 between Liibeck and Lauenburg. The chief articles of commerce are timber, grain, coal and <?oke. iron, wire, and groceries. The total trade in 1900 amounted to over .$147,000,000. of which $57,000,000 represented the value of the sea- borne trade. The entrances and clearances at the port in 1899 were respectivelv 2862 vessels of 54.3.020 tons and 2872 vessels of 545,520 tons. In its administration the city State of LUbeek does not differ much from Hamburg (q.v. ). Its form of government, which was originally purely aristocratic, had gradually assumed a more rep- resentative character imtil the present demo- cratic Constitution was finally adopted in 1875. The Senate, at present representing in a way the patrician council which controlled the city during the existence of the Hanseatic Leagiie, is composed of 14 Senators, among whom are to be included at least 8 members of the learned pro- fessions (6 lawyers) and 5 merchants. Vacan- cies in the Senate are filled by members chosen by a commission consisting of an equal number of Senators and members of the House of Bur- gesses. The Senate, presided over by a burgo- master elected for two years by the Senators from among themselves, is vested with the executive power, and shares the legislative power with the House of Burgesses. Any citizen of thirty years or over, and in full enjoyment of civil rights, is eligible for Senatorship. The House of Burgesses consists of 120 members elected by universal suf- frane for six years. One-third of its members are renewed every two years. The functions of the House of Burgesses are purely legislative, and it has the right of initiative in matters relating to public expenditure, foreign relations, and general legislation. The sanction of both Houses is necessary for every new legislative measure. LUbeek is represented by one membi r in the Bundesrat and one member in the Reich-,- tag. The judges of the lower courts are ap- pointed by the Senate. The Hansa .Supreme Court of Hamburg is the highest judicial au- thority of Liibeck. The military affairs of the State are in the hands of Prussia. The budget was .$1,480,000 in 1900-01, and tlic public debt about $7,700,000. The city owns the electric plant and the water- works. Electric railways connect the inner town with the suburbs. Hlstory. Liibeck was founded in 1143 by Count Adolphus III. of Holstein, from whom it passed in 1158 to Henry the Lion of Saxony. When the latter lost his territories in 1181, Liibeck became an Imperial city, with extensive privileges. Twentv years later the Danes seized the town, but held it a short time only. Fred- erick 11. in 1220 declared Liibeck a free Imperial city, and in 1227 the Danes were defeated in tir great battle of Bornkilved. Jleanwhile the city grew rapidly in population and wealth, and en- joyed many special trade privileges. It took a leading part in the foundation of the Hanseatic League and became its head. The Constitution of the city became a model for that of other free German towns. With the Reformation in- ternal strife broke out in the city between the aristocratic party, which in the main was Catho- lic, and the democratic partj', whose adherents had embraced the new faith. This soon under- mined the prosperity of the city, and the Thirty Years' War inflicted disasters from which it never recovered. Its extensive trade fell chiefly into the hands of the Dutch and the English. During the Napoleonic era it repeatedly changed hands. Its independence was recognized by tin- Congress of Vienna in 1815. It joined in 1800 the Xorth German Confederation, and became in 1870 one of the States of the new empire. Con- sult: Hoffmann. Geschichle dcr Freien und Hansestadt Liiheck (Liibeck, 1889-92) ; Pauli, Liibcrkische Zustiinde im Mittelalter (Liibeck, 1847-72). LtJBKE, lup'kc, WiLiiELM (1826-9.3). A Ger- man art-historian, born at Dortmund. He studied at Bonn and Berlin; was professor of architecture at the Berlin Bauakademie (1857-61), and of the history of art at Zurich (1801-66), Stuttgart (1866-85)", and Karlsruhe (1885-93). He wrotr. in a comprehensive and readable style, nuniernu^ valuable works, including a Grschichte der Arclii- ieltur (6th ed. 1855) ; Grioidriss der Kun.'il- gesihkhtc (1800, 12th ed. 1900; translated into English bv Clarence Cook, 1880), and Grschiclih der PInstik (.3d ed. 1880), the last two of whiili have been much used as manuals. IiXIBLIN, lyoo1)len. A government of Poland, Russia, bounded by Volhynia on the east ami Galicia on the south and southwest. Area, 6503 square miles. The general appearance of the region is that of an elevated plateau, bor- dered and intersected by rivers. Thick forests cover the northern part, and marshes and laki's occur in the east. The region is watered hy the Vistula, the San, the Wieprz, and the Bul'. Agriculture is favored by the abundance of fer- tile soil as well as by the advantageous position of the government in regard to markets for the disposal of agricultural products. The German