Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/577

LUCAS VAN LEYDEN. 513 LUCCA. through Belgium in compaiij- willi Jan Mabuse. He died in 1533, after a long illness. His work is characterized by earnest realism, cnergj' of expression, and extreme care in draw- ing, the details and accessories being finished with infinite pains; his color is luminous and warm in tone. His personages are honest and homely, with gestures frankly expressed; even his religious pictures are genre in character. His last works show Italian influence. As an en- graver he stands preeminent for the skill shown in grouping figures and in expressing aerial perspective. There are two styles in his cop- perplate works; in one the lines are bold and broad, in the other they are fine and delicate. Among his best paintings are the following; "Healing of the Blind JIan," Saint Petersburg; "Saint Peter Martyr" (1508); "Last Judg- ment," Town Hall, Leyden; a "Card Party," Wilton House, England; "Virgin with Saints," Munich Gallery; "Sibyl Prophesying to Augus- tus" (water color), Vienna Academy. His best plates include: "Conversion of Saint Paul" (1509); "Ecce Homo" (1510); "Crucifixion" (1517); "JIagdalen" (1519); "Esther and Ahasuerus;" "Return of the Prodigal Son;" "Abraham Dismissing Hagar." Consult : Rosen- berg, in Dohme, Kiinst und Kiinstler Deutsch- lands, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1877) : Evrard, Lucas de Leyde ct Albert />Hrer( Brussels, 1883) ; Volbehr, Lucas, Verzeichnis seiner Kiipfersliche (Ham- burg, 1888). LUCAY, lu'ku', Charles HfiLioN :M.rie, ■Covmt de (1831 — ). A French historian, Ijorn in Paris. In 1855 he was auditor of the Council of State, then Master of Requests under the Empire (18G6), but retired to devote himself to history and agriculture. He was a member of the com- mittee for historical works from 1875 and in 1891 was elected corresponding member for the Academy of moral and political science. He pub- lished: Les asscmhlces provinciales sous Louis XVI. et les divisions administratives de 178'J (1857) ; Les conlrihutions de la France a cent ans de distance 1780-1889 (1891). LUCBAN, loTTk-bUn'. A town of Luzon, Phil- ippines, in the Province of Tayabas. It is situ- ated in the heart of the mountain region in the western part of the province, about 8 miles northwest of Tayabas (Map: Luzon, H 10). Tlie chief industry is the manufacture of straw hats and mats, and the town carries on a profitable trade with the neighboring provinces. Population, in 1899, 12,755. LUCCA, luk'ka. A famous and charming city of Italv. in the Province of Lucca, Tuscany, 15 miles northeast of Pisa (jlap: Italy, E 4), It was formerly the capital of the Principality of Lucca. It is a mediseval, multi-colnrcd town, situated in a productive plain, and surrounded liy fortifications which form a popular place of |>romenade. The streets are narrow and crooked. Tlip city is somewhat important in the history of mediicval architecture, as seen in its churches; and the sculptures of its citizen Civitali (q.v. ) draw many connoisseurs. The celebrated Roman- ■csque Cathedral of San IMartino, erected in the latter part of the eleventh century, has been often restored and in the Gothic style. Its rich facade dates from 1204, and together Avith the highly ornamented vestibule is one of the chief attractions. Some of the re- liefs are by XiccolO Pisano. The interior (91 yards in length) is also notable, with paint- ings by Ghirlandajo, and a beautiful Madonna by Fra Bartolomnieo. It also contains a rare pulpit, a small marble chapel (il Tempietto) with sacred contents, shown thrice a year, and the 'Pisan Cross,' in silver, captured "from the Pisans. Another fine church is the Basilica San Frediano, dating from early mcdiicval times, and possessing over twcniy antique columns. It was restored in 1827. The facade is of the twelfth century. Among the contents are noteworthy paintings by Francesco Francia and Jacopo dell i Querela. The Palazzo Provinciale, formerly the ducal residence, was begun about 1580 and never fin- ished. It is situated on the Piazz.a Xapoleone and possesses a good picture gallery, with worthy examples of Giulio Romano and Fra Bartolom- nieo. There are several palaces of media-val noble families. The city market stands on the interesting remains of a large Roman amphi- theatre. Lucca has two academies of science, literature, and art, one of them founded at the close of the seventeenth century. Its four li- braries possess rare MSS. and editions. The public library has over 125,000 volumes. Among the public monuments are a statue of Garibaldi and a bust of Mazzini. Owing to the thrift and industry of its inhabitants, the city has long been called Lucca I'industrio.sa. It is especially known for its silk manufactures. Velvets and other textiles are also produced, and there arc foundries and glass and paper factories. The town lias an active trade. Liicca is the seat of an archbishop. The environs are very attractive and abound in villas, the most prominent of which is the royal Villa di Marlia. To the south is a majestic aqueduct with some 450 arches. A few miles north is the famous Bagiii-di-Lucca (q.v.). The population of Lucca (commune) in 1901 was 74.971. History. Lucca first appears in history as an Etruscan town ( Luca ) , which was taken B,c. 177 by the Romans and made a colony, .fter the fall of Rome it passed into the hands .suc- cessively of the Ostrogoths, Lombards, ami Franks. Before the rise of Florence it was the principal city in Tuscany. Weakened bj- the long feuds between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs within the city, Lucca came in 1314 into the pos- session of L'guecione della Faggiuola, the ruler of Pisa. In 1327 the celebrated Castruccio Cas- tracani became Duke of Lucca. Sulisequently the city changed hands repeatedly, but in 1370 it regained its indejicnch'nce. For more than two centuries its government was denioiTatic, but ultimately the power passed into the hands of an oligarchy. In 1799 it was taken by the I'rench, and iii 1805 was bestowed by Napoleon on his sister. Princess Bacciochi, By the Con- gress of Vienna it was given to the .Spanish in- fanta, Jlaria Louisa, the former Queen of Etru- ria. and her son. Charles Louis. In 1.847 the duchy was united to Tuscany, and together with that principality became in 1800 a part of united Italy. Consult: Mciiinric e documcnti per serrire all' istoria drllo stato e citfa di Lucca (14 vols., Lucca, 1813-00) : Del-Carlo, fitorin pnpolnrc di Lucca (2 vols., Lucca, 1877). LUCCA, luk'kft. PAtT.iXE (1S41 — ); A Ger- man dr:iiiiatic soprano, born in Vienna. She was a pupil of X'schmann and Lcwy. but was too poor