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LUSTRATION. 547 LITTHEB. gods called for lustrations, often on a very elab- orate scale. Jloreover.' many of the acts of daily life, especially those connected with marriage, birth, and death, called for purificatory rites, not only among the more formal Romans, but also among the (^Jreeks. LUSTRE MOTTLING. See Diabase. LUSTRUM. See Lcstratiox. LUTANGA, loo-tiin'ga. A Mohammedan mixed race of iloros and Subano JIalays, who inhabit the island of Olntanga and the adjacent coast of the Province of Zamlx)anga, island of Mindanao, Philippine Islands. See Philippine Islands. LUTAYO, loo-tii'y6. A Filipino tribe. See PiiiLippiXE Islands. LUTE (OF. hit, lent, Fr. luth, from Sp. laud. Port, ahiuilc. lute, from Ar. alTid, the lute, from al, the, and 'I'ld, lute, wood). An obsolete stringed musical instrument, which has been superseded by the harp and guitar. It consisted of a table of fir; a body or belly, shaped like the back of a mandolin: a neck, or finger-board, of hard wood, on which were 9 (or 10) frets, stops, or divi- sions, marked with catgut strings; a head, or cross on which were jilaced the pegs or screws that tightened or relaxed the strings in tuning; and a bridge, to which the strings were attached at one end, the other end being fastened to a piece of ivory, between the head and neck. The strings varied in number, from G to 1.3, all of them, except the highest or melody string, being doubled. The performer used his left hand to press the stops, and struck the strings with his right. A peculiar description of notation, called tahlaiiire, was employed in music written for the lute. The lute is one of the oldest of musi- cal instruments, as representations of it are found on ancient Egv'ptian monuments. ery likely the Persians adopted the lute from the Egyptians about the fourth century B.C. From the Per- sians it passed to the Arabs, with whom it soon became the chief instrument. During the su- premacy of the Saracens the lute was intro- duced into S])ain and Lower Italy, whence it found its way into all European countries dur- ing the fourtecntli century. From that time on until the end of the seventeenth century the lute was the principal instrument, occupying a position very similar to that of the modern piano. It was also one of the chief instruments in the orchestra. Beginning with the eighteenth century the lute was gradually superseded by the violin in the orchestra, and by the clavichord as a general instrument. In the early operas the lute vas used to accompany the recitatives. Valuable information about the lute is found in Wasielewski's Gcschichte dcr Jiiatriimcntalmiisik im ISIen Jahrhundcrt (Berlin, 1S7S). See Tabla- TDRE, and for illustration see Musical Instru- ments. LUTE (OF., Fr, lut, clay, lute, from Lat. iKfiint, mud. from Tiiere. Gk. XoiJeii', loiiein, to wash), A pasty cement that is used for sealing the joints of apparatus so as to prevent the escape of vapors or gases, or for coating glass vessels in order to render them capable of sus- taining a high temperature. The lutes common- ly used consist of common plastic clay or pipe- clay, made into a pasty mass by the addition of linseed meal or almond powder. Such material will stand a temperature of 260' C. (500° F.); while for more delicate work, fat lutes, consisting of powdered dry clay mixed with a drying oil or g:lycerin to a thick paste, are used. Consult: Spon, M'ork>ihop Receipt fi (London, 1H83) ; Sci- entific American Cyclopaedia of Receipts, Xotes and Queries (New York, 1892). See Cements. LUTERO, loo-ta'r6, Battista di Viccolo. An Italian i)ainter. See Dosso Dossi. LUTH. . sea-turtle. See Leatiierback. LUTHARDT, loot'hiirt, Christoph Ern.st (1823-1902). A German Lutheran theologian, born at Maroldsweisach and educated at Er- langen and Berlin. After lecturing two years at Marburg he went in 1850 to Leijizig as professor of systematic theology and New Testament exege- sis. His theological works were varied and manv; their tone was that of the Erlangen School ; and their author was a prominent churchman and leader of the modern orthodox party. He edited the Allgemeine evattfjelisch-lutherische Kircben- zeitung (1868-80), the Theologisches Litttratur- blatt (1880 seq.), and the Zeitschrift fiir christ- liche M'is&enschaft tind christhehes Lebcn (1880- 89), and wrote: Das Johanneische Evangelium (1852; 2d ed. 18T5-71J); Kompendiuni dcr Dogmatik (1865; 9th ed. 1893); Apologie dcs Cliristentums (1864 and after): Oeschichle dcr christliclien Elhik (18SS) ; and contributions to Strack and Zockler's Kommentare on the Gos- pel of John (1886). the Epistle to the Romans (1887). and the .Johannine Epistles (1888). LU'THER, Mabti>- (1483-1546). 'The found- er of Protestant civilization," as PHeiderer calls him, w^as of lowly origin. The child of peasant parents, he was born on November 10, 1483, in the heart of Gennany, at Eisleben. Saxony. His father, Hans Luther, a miner, and bis mother. Margaret, were austerely virtuous and pious. They were able to put their son imder good tu- ition for a year at Magdeburg, and then at Eisen- ach for four years. Here, to eke out his scanty means, Luther with other schoolmates occasion- ally sang for alms in the streets. At the age of eighteen Luther entered tin- university at Erfurt, where his ability secured for him the admiration of his fellows. The new learning of the Renaissance was already astir in Germany, and Liither, attracted to it, read Ovid. Vergil. an<l Cicero, but devoted himself mainly to philosophy. More, however, than by Trutvetter, his teacher in philosophy, was Luther impressed by the preaching of the Erfurt pastor, Wcissmann. His father had made great sacrifices to equip his son for the career of a lawv'er, and Liither now stood at its threshold, having taken his de- gree of M.A. in 1.505, at the age of twenty-two. But althoigh he was outwardly upright and pure, his conscience, sensitized by early inllucnces and education, trembled with conviction of short- comings to divine requirements and of exposure to divine wrath. According to the medi:rval teaching, the surest way to perfection was found in the cloister. This great renunciation, all un- conscious of the career it was to open, Luther now made, to the astonishment of his friends and the profoun<l displeasure of his father. Vari- ous thrilling experiences, such as a dangerous illness and the death of a near friend, concurred to confirm his resolution, and immediately after taking his degree he entered the Augiistinian