liUXEMBOURG. 559 LUXEMBURG. C'oiidO, with wliom he fought at Rocroi (1043) and Lens (1648), and took part in the disturb- ances of the Fronde, going over with liis leader to Spain. Received into favor by Louis XIV. after the I'eaee of the Pyrenees ( 1050), lie served as a volunteer under Turenne in Flanders (10C7), and as the lieutenant of Conde in Franche-Conito in lOOS. He commanded in the Xetherlands in 1672-73, and his masterly retreat in the latter year stamped him as one of the greatest generals of his day. In 1074 he fought under Condfi at Seneffe. In the campaign of 1077 he defeated the Prince of Orange at Slont-Cassel (April 11th), and compelled the Prince to raise the siege of Charleroi. After the Peace of Ximeguen Lou- vois attempted to destroy him by im])licating him in the famous poison trials. After a sliort term of imprisonment in the Bastille he was acquitted by the Chambre Ardente (q.v.). The King appointed him to the command of the army in Flanders ten years afterwards. On July 1, 1090, he gained a victory over the Prince of Wal- deck at Fleurus, defeated William III. of Eng- land at Steenkcrke (August 3, 1602), and at Xeerwinden (July 29, 1693). and took Char- leroi. He died January 4, 109.5, at Versailles. He assumed the title Luxembourg on marrying the heiress of that house in 1001. LUXEMBOURG PALACE. A palace situ- ated in the Rue de Vaugirard, in the southern part of Paris, celebrated for its architecture, its gallery of modern French art. and its gar- dens. Its erection was begun in 1016 by Salo- mon de Brosse, for Maria de' Medici, and its rusticated masonry was intended to recall the architecture of the Pitti Palace in Florence, her former home. It was completed in 1020, but altered internally by Chalgrin near the end of the eighteenth century. Between 183.5 and 1841 the main body of the palace was nearly doubled in size and provided with a new southern or garden facade reproducing the former one, while in the court inclosed between the old and new construc- tions a magnificent semicircular hall was built for the sessions of the House of Peers, and later of the Senate. These additions were the work of A. de Gisors. The Hall of the Senate was de- stroyed by fire in 1859, but was rebuilt on the same design. The name of the palace is derived from the Cuke of Piney-Luxembourg. whose man- sion once stood on the same site, but it has been odicially known, under different governments, by the names of the governmental bodies which have successively occupied it; e.g. Palais du Directoire, du Consulat, du Senat-conservateur, de la Chambre des Pairs, de la Prefecture, and du Sfnat. It was occupied by the Senate from 1852 to 1870, and thence until 'l879 by the Prefecture of the Seine and the municipal council. It has since 1879 been again occupied by the Senate. It has in addition served throughout nearly its ■whole history as a royal or public picture-gal- lery. An important series of twenty-four paint- ing's by Rubens, illustrating the life of Maria de' Medici, once occupied the east gallery, but is now in the Louvre, and the splendid ^luseum of ;Modern Art. which formerly occupied this gallery and other apartments of the palace, is now housed in a neigliboring and comparatively modern building, though still known as the Musfe du Luxembourg. This is on the whole the most important collection of contemporary art in existence, and is devoted to both sculpture and painting. About ten years after an artist's death, his work.s are removed to the Louvre or to the provincial galleries. Most of the works 'are by French artists, but there is a special room devoted to other nationalities, the Ameri- can being the best represented next to the French. The magnificent ceilings and mural decorations of the .Senate Cliambcr, Salle d'attentc, and other apartments of the palace constitute in them- selves a notable collection of the works of Flan- drin, Bouchot, Vauchelet, Pujol, and others, be- sides examples of the work of Rubens, Philippe de Champagne, Poussin, and other masters of the seventeenth century. The building itself, with all its alterations, has preserved undianged its original style and character. While recalling by its rusticated ma- sonry the garden front of the Pitti Palace, it is thoroughly Frencli in design. The main struc- ture, originally H-formed in plan, fronts on a Court of llonor, which measures 300 by 360 feet, and is inclosed on the flanks and front by low wings or galleries. The entrance from the Rue de Vaugirard to this court is through a dome- capped portal serving as a clock-tower, an ex- tremely successful design. Each of the four facades of the main palace, as enlarged in 1835- 41, consists of a central jiavilion with two corner pavilions, the whole being covered by a high roof of the type commonly known as a Mansard. The proportions of all parts of the building are happy, the composition and details dignified and harmonious, the internal decorations admirable and in places sumptuous. The apartments of JMaria de' Jledici were restored in 1817 and refur- nislied in the style of her time, and the elegant cliapel adjoining them was restored in 1842. The gardens of the Luxembourg are of great extent and beauty. Originally laid out by De Brosse, they were nearly stripped in the Revolution, but restored in 1801, and although somewhat reduced in size by the cutting through of modern streets, they arc still among the most noted gardens in France, and the only survival in Paris of a gen- uine Renaissance garden. The Petit Luxembourff (formerly the Petit Bourbon), adjoining the above palace on the w-est, and occupied liy the president of the Sen- ate, was built by Richelieu in 1629. partly on the site of the old convent of the Filles du Calvairc. The elegant chapel by A. de Gisors (1842) stands on the site of the original chapel of the convent, some extant portions of which have been annexed to the Petit Luxembourg. Consult: Favre. Lc Liixemloiirij. rMfs ci cnn- fidcnccs sur «)i vicux palais (Paris, 1882) : Bi- nC'dite. "Le musoe du Luxembourg," in Lcs mu- sses de France (1894 scq.). LUXEMBURG, luks'cni-bnrg. Dutch pron. -bi.iro. The laigest province of Belgium, occupy- ing the southeastern part of the country (Map: Belgium. D 5). Area. 1706 square miles. It belongs to the region of the Ardennes (q.v.). and has important iron deposits. The inhabit- ants are. however, mostly engaged in agricul- ture. The principal rivers are the Ourthe in the north and the Semois in the south. Population, in 1900. 222.154. Prior to 1839 the province formed a part of the Grand Duchy of Luxem- burg. Capital. Arlon (q.v.). LUXEMBURG. .
independent grand
duchy of Europe, bounded by the Prussian Rhine
