Plancus, a lieutenant of C'sesar, founded a Roman colony on the Fourvigre Hill, which soon became the oliief colony in Gaul, and in a.d. 1:5 it was made the capital of all the Gallic municipali- tie:^, from which deputies gathered annually in the Roman forum built in the city. Christianity rapidly gained ground in the city. lu A.u. 11)7 it was pillaged by the soldiers of the Emperor Severus. In 208 it witnessed a massacre of many thousands of its Christian citizens, and it was deprived of its title of capital. In the Mid- dle Ages the city was for some time under the rule of counts (counts of Lyonnais, counts of Forez), later under that of the Arclibishops of Lj'ons, with whom the inhabitants waged bloody conflicts, and finally, in the fourteentli century, passed under the sway of the French kings. In 1320 it received a mimicipal charter. Two coinieils of the Church were held there in 1245 and 1274. In 1703 the people of Lyons rose in insurrection against the terrorism of the Convention. An army was sent against the city, which was taken in October and subjected to a frightful chastisement, thousands of the citizens being massacred at the hands of C'ollot d'Herbois and Fouehe. ilany of the finest edi- fices were demolished. The cit.v gradually re- covered under Xapoleon, and has since enjoyed prosperity, though it has several times suffered from floods,* and in 1831, 1834. and 1871 from labor riots and insurrections. Among a long list of celebrities born at Lyons are the Emperors Claudius, JIarcus Aurelius, Caracalla, and Geta, Saints Irena'us and Ambrose, Philibert de I'Orme, the Coustous, Jussieu, Suchet, Amp&re, and Jleissonier.
LYONS. Formerly a city in Clinton County,
Iowa, annexed in 1895 to Clinton (q.v. ).
LYONS. A city and the county-seat of Rice
County, Kan., 183 miles west by south of Topeka;
on the Missouri Pacific, the Saint Louis and San
Francisco, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa
Fe railroads (Map: Kansas, D 3). It is an
agricultural and stock-raising region, with valu-
able deposits of salt, and, besides large salt-
works, has grain-elevators, a flour-mill, gas-
engine works, etc. The water-works are owned
and operated by the municipality. Population,
in 1800, 1754; in 1900, 1736.
LYONS. A village and the county-scat of
Wayne County. X. Y.. 36 miles east by south
of Rochester; on the Erie Canal and on the Xew
York Central and Hudson River, the West Shore,
and other railroads (Jlap: Xew York, C 2). It
has numerous distilleries of peppermint oil, a
large beet-sugar factory, a pottery, machine-
shops, and manufactories of silverware, slipjjer-
soles, barrels, and agricultural implements.
Valuable water-power contrilmtes to the indus-
trial importance of the vilhige. The Union
School has a free library of about 3.i00 volumes.
Lyons was laid out about 1705, and was incor-
porated as a village in 1854. Population, in
1800, 447.1: in 1900, 4300,
LYONS, CorxciLS of. The name applied to
two svnods received as ecumenical by the Roman
Catholic Church. The first was held in 124.5
by Innocent IV. fq.v.l. largely for the purpose
of discussing the questions at issue between the
Pope and the Emperor Frederick II., who had
driven the Pontiff from Rome. Innocent pre-
sided, and the patriarchs of Aquileia, Antioch,
and Constantinople, the Emperor Baldwin II. of
Constantinople, and representatives of several
sovereigns were i)resent. Uelinite j)rovision was
made for the support of the Latin Empire in
the East, the relief of oppressed Christians in
the Holy Land, and the defense of Christendom
against the Mongol invaders. A solemn sentence
of deposition was pronounced against Frederick
II. on several grounds, in spite of a vigorous
defense by his representative, Thaddaius of Su-
essa. The second Council of Lyons wa.s convoked
by Gregory X. inunediately after liis accession,
and met in May, 1274. The Latin patriarchs of
Antioch and Constiintinople were present, and
Saint Ronaventura was among the cardinals un-
til his death in July, two days before the last
session. The most important object aimed at
was a reconciliation of the Eastern and Western
Churches. This seemed to have been attained
when representatives of the Greek bishops and
Emperor acknowledged the primacy of the Ro-
man See, the double procession of the Holy Ghost
(see FlLlOQUE), and the developed doctrine of
purgatory. After a Tc Drum of thanksgiving,
the Pope intoned the creed in Latin, ami the
(Jreek deputies sang it in Greek, repeating twice
the article "who proceedeth from the Father and
the Son." The attempted reunion, however, soon
proved illusory (see Greek Church), and no
important service was rendered to the Christians
of the Holy Land. Some disci])linary canons
were passed, as well as regulations for Papal
elections.
LYONS, Gulf of (Fr. Golfe du. Lion). An
arm of the ilediterranean. indenting the coast
of France and extending from t'abo de Crcus
on the coast of Spain to the lies d'Hyferes, ofT
the southern coast of France (Jlap: France,
L 9), X'avigation is hindered by numerous
sand-bars. The coast as far as the estuary of the
Rhone is sandy, and bordered with numerous
lagoons. The portion east of Cape Couronnc is
steep and rocky. The chief towns on the Gulf
are ilarseilles, Toulon, and Cette. The Rhone
empties into the Gulf.
LYONS, University of. One of the largest
universities in France. It was organized in
1808. at the instance of Xapoleon, as a jiart of
the University of France, and up to 1895-00 was
known as Faculti's de Lyon, In 100203 it con-
sisted of the faculties of law, medicinc-])har-
niacy, matheuiaticsscience, and philosophy. It
had an attendance of over 2000 students, and .a
budget of about 290,000 francs. The Industrial
School of Chemistry, the French School of Tan-
ning, the Agronomic Station of the Rhone, the
Central School of Lyons, the Veterinary .School
of Lyons, and the Catholic faculties of theology,
law, mathematics-science, and philosophy, with
an attendance of 600, constitute the annexes
of the university,
LYONS, Edmund, Lord Lyons (1790-1858).
An English admiral and diplomat, born at Bur-
ton, Hampshire. He served in the East Indies,
and esi>ecially distinguished himself by storming
the Dutch fortifications at Marrack 1I8II). In
1828 he blockaded Xavarino, and in lS.'i3 carried
King Otho to Athens from Triest. This service
brought him an appointment as Minister at
Athens. Upon the outbreak of the Crimean War
he was appointed second in eonunand of the
Sleditcrranean licet. He showed great skill and
