tural College, Amherst, JIass., and Stuilcvant, Babcock, ami Goll' at the Agiiciiltiiral Experi- ment tStation, Geneva, N. Y. The KothamsteJ drain-gauges were constnic-tcd by digging a trench in the soil, gradually undermining the soil at the desired depth, and ])Ulting in perforated iron plates to support the mass. The plates were kept in place by iron girders, the ends of the plates and the girders being supported by brick- work. Trenches were then dug around the blocks of soil and these were inclosed in walls of brick laid in cement. A zinc funnel of the same area as the block of soil was fixed to the perforated iron bottom to collect the drainage water and conduct it into a suitable receptacle. The gauges were xuVfr '"^ ^^ area, and 24.40 and (iO inclies deep in dill'erent cases. A lysimeter three feet deep and inclosing an area of ^j'j^ acre, constructed by JStoekbridge at Amherst, is shown in the figure. Observations with the lysinieters at Kotham- sted during twenty years showed that on the average slightly less than one-half of the rain- fall escaped in the drainage of bare soils, the proportion var_ving slightly with the dillerent depths. In observations made by Klucharov at Moscow, Russia, on bare soils inclosed in metal cylinders driven into the soil, approximately one- fourth of the rainfall ]iercolated through a depth of 20 cm. of soil. With soils covered with plants the percolation was much less. Stockbridge found that about one-fifth of the rainfall perco- lated, through a bare drift soil three feet deep. Sturtevant concluded from observations made at Geneva that lysinieters as ordinarily constructed do not give results applicable to soils in their natural condition, mainly because the soil in the lysimeter is not in connection with a permanent water-table. He attempted to overcome this objection by eonstruiting a lysimeter provided with an artificial water-table. With such a lysimeter the drainage was approximately 37 per cent, of the rainfall under sod, 41 per cent, with bare soil, and 43 per cent, with soil cultivated three inches deep. While it is doubtful whether lysinieters even with the greatest care in their construction and management give results repre- senting accurately the conditions actually obtain- ing in natural soils, they have proved valuable for comparative .scientific studies, not only on percolation, liut on the losses of soil constituents in drainage and on the jirocess of nitrification (q.v. ) in soils. For further information on the subject, consult: Gilbert. "Observations on Rain- fall, Percolation, and Evaporation," in Ilothnm- sted Memoirs, vol. vii. (London. 1890); Stock- bridge, Ivt'esli<]ations in Rainfall, Percolation, and Evaporation (Boston, 1S79); Xew York State Experiment Station Reports, 18S2, 1887, 1888, 1800; Deherain, "Les caux de drainage des terres cultivfs," in Annales Agronomiques, vol. six. (Paris. 1893).
LYSIP'PUS (Lat., from Gk. Aiirnnros). A
celebrated Greek sculptor. A native of Sicyon, in
the Peloponnesus, he was at first a w-orker in
bronze, and then applied himself to statuary,
becoming the head of the Sicyonian school, and the
founder of a new style, which was at the basis
of a large part of the sculpture of the Hellenistic
age. The dates of his birth and death are not
known, but he was an older contemporary of
Alexander the Great, whom he long survived. His
artistic activity thus falls in the last part of the
fourth century. He claimed to have had no
master, but to have learned his art from the
famous Uoryphorus as Canon of Polyelitus. In
fact, he seems to have taken that work as his
starting-point, and developed a new system of
proportions in which he united many of the
characteristics of the Attic and Peloponnesiau
schools. His statues were marked by a small
head, long legs, slender figure, and fine natural-
ism in the treatment of the -hair. His pujiil
Xenocrates, whose treatise on art aimed to exalt
his master as the culmination of Greek art,
claimed that he was the first to represent men
as they really were. Such statues are numer-
ous in the marble copies of our museums, and
many have been brought into connection with
Lysippus. The most celebrated is the Apoxyo-
menos of the Vatican, which represents a young
athlete using the strigil. or scraper, after the
bath. Another undoubted copy is the marble
group of Daochos the Thessalian and his an-
cestors, discovered at Delphi, which must repro-
duce the bronzes of Lysippus at Pharsalia. His
portraits of Alexander Avere celebrated, and he
was said to be the only artist in bronze to whom
the King would sit. It seems probable that the
bust of Alexander in the Louvre and perhaps
the bronze mounted Alexander from Pom|)eii are
based on Lysippean originals. He is said to have
produced 1500 statues, all in bronze, and to have
given special attention to the technical details
of the easting. He executed the equestrian
statues of twenty-five Jlacedonians who fell at
the jiassage of the Granicus, which Meiellus
transported to Rome; a fine bronze statue ot
Cupid, with a bow; several statues of Jupiter,
one of which, CO feet high, was at Tarentuni; one
of Hercules, which was removed to Rome; the
Sun-god. drawn in a chariot by four horses; "Op-
portunity" (Kairos), represented as a youth with
wings on his ankles on the point of fiying from
the earth. Of these we have no certain traces,
unless, as is not improbable, a standing Hercules
in the Pitti Palace is derived from this source.
The same type distorted into the over-developed
athlete appears in the later well-known Farnese
Hercules by Glycon. To him or his immediate
followers may also be attributed the Silenus
holding the infant Dionysus, of which there are
several extant copies, and the seated Hermes in
bronze from Herculaneum.
LYSKANDER, lu-skiln'der, Glaus Christof-
FERSEN (1.558-1023). A Danish historian, born
in Skaane. He studied tlieology at Rostock, and
lived nearly all his life as pastor at Herfoelge.
Besides Latin poems, he wrote some rhymed
chronicles: Danshc Konf/ers Hlcegtehofi (1622).
intended as a preface to a History of Denmark
which he planned to write; and De Scriptorihus
Daniris, which appeared in the Monumenta In-
cditri I'rnim firrmnnirarinn (1753), and is a list
of all Danish writers up to his time. Consult
Riirdam, Li/skanders Lev-ned (Copenhagen, 1868).
LYSOL (from Gk. Xi!trci>', h/sein, hit. of Xi/civ,
lifriii. to loose). A brown, oily, clear liquid with
an odor resembling creosote but less pronounced.
It is prepared from tar oil by saponification, and
contains about 50 per cent, of cresols. It is
solul>le in water, alcohol, chloroform, glycerin,
and benzine. With water it forms a clear,
frothy, soapy liquid. This property is a dis-
advantage in surgical work requiring the use of
instruments, as it renders them somewhat slip-
