Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/685

Mcculloch. 605 McCULLOUGH. March 7-8, 1802, and was killed by a sliarpshooter while reconnoitring. Consult Reid, Scouting Ex- peditions of McVulloch's Hangers (Philadelphia, 1850) ; and Rose, Life and Services of Gen. Ben- jamin llcCulloch. MACCULLOCH, m'-kul'16, Hor.^tio (1805- G7 ) . A .Scotch painter, born at Glasgow. He studied under .John Knox, a landscape painter, in his native city, and exhibited for many years at the Royal Academy, Edinburgh. He was elect- ed an academician in 1838, and after 1847 lived in Edinburgh. His works are usually studies of Highland scenery, painted with great breadth, freshness, and sincerity. They include: "Even- ing:" "A Lowland River;" ■"Invcrlochy Castle;" and "ily Heart in the Highlands." Mcculloch, Hugh (ISOS-OS). An Ameri- can financier, born at Kennebunkport, ile. He studied at Bowdoin College, but on account of ill health did not graduate. In 1833 he removed to Fort Wayne, Ind., and entered upon the prac- tice of law. but in 1845 he accepted the position of manager of a branch of the State Bank of Indiana, and soon became one of the directors of the mother bank as well. In 1862 he was made president of the Bank of the State of Indiana, which had been just organized. In these positions he gained a more than local rep- utation as a skilled financier. In 1863 he was appointed Comptroller of the Currency, with supervision over the national banking system, which was called into existence by the law of that year. In JIarch, 1865, ilcCulloch succeed- ed Fessenden as Secretary of the Treasury at the request of President Lincoln, and held that position until March, 1869. Here he was con- fronted with the serious problems of paying off the troops and bringing order into the finances of the nation, overcliarged with the issue of all. kinds of obligations of indebtedness. In the former task he was highly successful; in the latter he made good progress in getting the fund- ed indebtedness in order, but after a brief period of approval met with antagonism in Congress in his efforts to retire the legal-tender notes McCulloch was an earnest advocate of specie re- sumption at the earliest possible moment. In 1869 he retired from the Treasury, became a mem- ber of the firm of .Jay Cooke, jlcCulloch & Co., London, and engaged in banking in that city. He was reappointed Secretary of the Treasury upon the retirement of Secrctarv Gresham in October, 1884, and held that office until 1885. He died in 1895. He was the author of a pleasing book of recollections, entitled Men and Measures of Iliilf a Cent ur II. MACCULLOCH, .Toiii.' (1773-1835). An eminent English geologist, born in Guernsey, of a Scottish family. He studied medicine in Edin- burgh, and was appointed assistant surgeon to an artillery regiment. He became chemist to the Board of Ordnance in 1803. and for some time practiced medicine. In 1811. employed by the Government, he devoted himself to a pioneer geo- logical and mineralogical exploration of Scotland. The brilliant results of his labors appeared in A Description of the Western IsJes of Scotland (1819) : further, in his Highlnnds and Western Isles of Scotland (1824), and the Geological Map of Scotland, with an explanatory volume (1836). His scientific work has well earned for him a conspicuous position in the history of British geology. He was cliiefiy interested in petrography and mineralogj', and apjjears to have been irritated by the increasing prominence of paleonlological geology. Mcculloch, .joh.n- ram-sey (i789-i864). A British economist and statistician. He was educated at Edinburgh, with a view to fitting himself for the legal profession, and entered the office of a solicitor; but, finding the work dis- tasteful to him, he devoted himself to the study of economics. His first publication, An Essay on a Rcducticm of the Interest of the National Debt, appeared in 1816. From 1817 to 1827 he contributed numerous articles on economics to the Scotsman, a periodical which had recently been founded in the interests of liberalism. In 1818 he began to write for the Edinburgh lie- vieic, and for twenty years contributed almost all of the articles on economic subjects that appeared in that periodical. In 1824-25 ap- peared his first important work, A Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects and Im- portance of Political Economy. In 1825 he published his Principles of Political Economy. In the following year he published an Essay on the Circumstances ichich Determine the Hate of Wages and the Condition of the Laboring Classes, a work which is of great importance in the history of the 'Wage-Fund Theory.' In 1828 McCulloch was appointed to the chair of political economy in University College, Lon- don, but he found the position unsatisfactory and resigned in 1832. In 1831 he published a work on the Principles, Practice and History of Com- merce, which had great infiuence in populariz- ing the doctrines of free trade. The following year what is perhaps his greatest work appeared, .1 Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Histori- cal, of Commerce and Commercial Savigation. In 1838 he was appointed Comptroller of the Sta- tionery OflJice, a position which he held until his death. In 1845 appeared his Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System, a work once regarded as of great importance in the science of finance. He also edited a large number of pamphlets of early writers in economics, thus giving a great impulse to the study of the history of the science. He also published copiously annotated editions of Adam Smith and Ricardo. From the death of Rioardo until the rise of Mill to fame. McCulloch was the predominant personality of English eco- nomics. His work was not always accurate, and never original : but he did more than any writer of his time to create a popular interest in eco- nomics; by his dogmatism, however, and the harshness with which he asserted the superiority of economic law to well-meant political institu- tions, he aroused among more humanitarian thinkers an intense dislike for economic science. Consult biographical notice by Reid in the new edition (London, 1869) of McCulloch's Diction- ary of Commerce and Commercial Xavigation. Consult also the article "McCulloch" in Pal- grave's Dictionary of Political Economy. McCULLOUGH, m'-kiil'16, John Edward (1837-85). Au American tragedian, born at Blakes, Londonderry, Ireland. He came to the United States from Ireland in 1853, and first ap- peared on the stas;e in a minor part at the .rch Street Theatre, Philadelphia, in 1857. In 1866- 68 he traveled with Edwin Forrest, whose meth-