tools, flour, boots and shoes, carriages and wagons, and electrical appliances; there are also several large printing establishments engaged chiefly in manufacturing law-books and ready-print newspapers. The government is administered, under revised charters of 1889 and 1901, by a mayor, biennially elected, and a unicameral council which controls elections of subordinate officials. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 13,426; in 1900, 19,164.
Soon after the organization of the Territory in 1836 this site was chosen for the location of the State capital; and the first house, erected in March, 1837, was for boarding and lodging the workmen on the projected Capitol. In 1839 the necessary Territorial building had been built, and since then Madison (named for President James Madison) has been the regular seat of government. It was chartered as a city in 1856. Consult Durrie, A History of Madison (Madison, 1874).
MADISON, James (1749-1812). First Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Virginia. He was born near Port Republic, Va., and graduated at William and Mary College in 1772. He was admitted to the bar, but gave up the profession of the law for the ministry. In 1773 he became professor of natural philosophy in William and Mary. In 1775 he visited England and was made a priest in that country. Two years later he was chosen president of William and Mary. He was consecrated Bishop of Virginia in 1790 by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the chapel of Lambeth Palace, and thereafter performed the duties of his episcopal office in addition to those of college president and professor. He published sermons and occasional papers and a Eulogy on Washington (1800), and prepared a map of Virginia.
MADISON, James (1751-1836). An eminent American statesman, fourth President of the United States. He was born at Port Conway, Va., March 16, 1751; entered Princeton College in 1769, and after his graduation in 1771 undertook the study of law. While only twenty-three he served on the Committee of Safety of his county, and two years thereafter, in 1776, was a delegate to the Revolutionary convention of Virginia. In this body he was a member of the committee appointed to draft a constitution, in connection with which work he rendered notable aid to Jefferson in his agitation for the complete toleration of all religious denominations. Madison was sent to the first Legislature elected under this Constitution; in the following year he was one of the executive council, and in 1780 he was sent to the Continental Congress, where for three years he served with marked credit. He again became a member of the Virginia Legislature in 1784, where he was particularly attentive to the problem of the relations of the States under the Confederation and strongly favored the calling of the Annapolis Convention of 1786, although for political reasons he was not a member himself. At the same time Madison, as a member of the Legislature, was again contending for religious toleration, and also for sound public finance. In 1787 he was again elected to Congress, then in its decadence, and in the same year served in the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia. In that body he was the author of what became known as the ‘Virginia plan,’ and throughout rendered such manifold and effective service as to win for himself the title of the ‘Father of the Constitution.’ He was an untiring advocate of the principle of proportional representation in the upper as well as the lower House of the National Legislature. Madison coöperated with Hamilton and Jay in the production of the Federalist (q.v.), about 30 of the 80 papers of that work being attributed to him. Of inestimable value to the Supreme Court in the interpretation of the Constitution were the notes of the debates which he kept and which were published by the Government after his death (3 vols., Washington, 1843).
Upon his return to Virginia, Madison was chosen a delegate to the Constitutional Convention called to take action on the new Constitution, and in the critical contest in that body he led the Federalists and gained a substantial victory over Henry, Mason, Lee, and the other opponents of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists, however, were so strong in the Legislature that Madison failed in his candidacy for the Senate, chiefly through the influence of Patrick Henry, although he was elected to the first House of Representatives, defeating James Monroe, a moderate Anti-Federalist. He served in that body for four terms, until the retirement of Washington from the Presidency, and as party lines were gradually drawn he became recognized as the ally of Jefferson, and as the leader in the House of the Anti-Federalist opposition to the policy of Alexander Hamilton (q.v.). He proposed the resolutions for the creation of the first three executive departments (those of State, Treasury, and War), proposed a series of twelve amendments to the Constitution, out of which were formed the first ten amendments as finally adopted, and took an important part in the framing of the first tariff act. The direction of business in the House was to a large extent intrusted to him. A further contribution in the formative period of the Government was his insistence upon the President's power to remove his Cabinet officers without the concurrence of the Senate. Upon matters involving party policy, from the time of his definite break with Hamilton, he followed the normal course of his associates, opposing Great Britain, and particularly the Jay Treaty (q.v.), refusing to approve fully the Administration's policy with reference to the manner of paying the domestic debt, and taking a position of vigorous hostility to the establishment of a national bank. His enemies finally attempted, and with some success, to connect him with the questionable political journalism of Freneau and others. With Jefferson he tried to discredit Hamilton and was charged with the authorship of the Giles resolutions attacking the management of the Treasury. He warmly supported the resolution calling upon the President for the instructions given to Jay and led the attack upon the President's reply. Madison's four years of retirement (1797-1801) were broken by brief service in the Virginia Legislature (1799-1800), and by his noteworthy contribution to political literature, popularly known as the Virginia Resolutions of 1798. (See Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.) Upon the success of the Jeffersonian Republicans in 1801 Madison was named by Jefferson as Secretary of State, and retained the office throughout both terms of his chief. The ad-
