Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/745

MADRID. 663 MADUBA. Sov the study of medicine and surgery. After many plans to move the university of Aleala to 31adrid, the transfer was finally accomplished in 1830-37, and from this removal the foundation of the University of iladrid may be said to date. It is now one of the largest of European universi- ties, and the leading institution of Spain. United with it is the great preparatory school of San Isidorio, founded by Philip 1'., and reconsti- tuted by Charles III. in 1770. The University of Madrid has a budget of over 900.000 pesetas, and it has an attendance of over 5000 students, the great majority of whom ai'e in the faculties of law and medicine. The library has over 200,000 volumes and about 5500 manuscripts. The Uni- versity of Iladrid includes museums, clinics, col- lections, and an observatory. MADBIGAIi (Fr. madrigal, from It. madri- gale, Oit. madriale, mandrialf, ditty, from It., Lat. mandra, from Gk. lidpSpa, tiock} . A short lyrical poem, adapted to the quaint and terse ex- pression of some pleasant thought, generally on the subject of Love. Though somewhat varied in form, it usually consists of from si.x to thirteen short iambic lines constructed upon three rhymes. Among the Italians the best writers of madrigals are Petrarch and Tasso ; among the French, iion- treuil, Lainez, and ^Moncrif ; among the Germans, Hagedorn, Voss, Goethe, and Schlegel ; and among the English, Lodge, Withers, Carew, and Suckling. The name madrigal is also applied to a form of vocal composition, which during the sixteenth century occupied a position very similar to that of the Kunstlied (art song) of to-day. It was set generally for five voices, but madrigals for three, four, and six voices are also found. The texts were generally of an erotic character. The madrigal differed from the more popular frot- tola (q.v. ) and villanella (q.v. ) in its elaborate contrapuntal workmanship. The form of the madrigal was probably originated by the trouba- dours of Provence. Dante's friend Casella is re- puted to have been the first notable composer of this form in Italy, where it soon became very popular. But the real father of the madrigal is Adrian Willaert (1480-1562), who was born in Flanders, but went to Italy and there developed this form from the then existing frottola. As perfected by this master the madrigal soon found its way beyond Italy. In 1538 Arcadelt published a book of madrigals, in the identical form already established by Willaert. and it created a great sensation. Indirectly the madrigal helped to de- velop the opera, for after the establishment of the 'monodic style' popular madrigals were ar- langed for a solo voice with accompaniment of the lute or some other instrument. In tliis way the madrigal became an important factor in the propagation of the new monody. The precursor of the Florentine drunima per inusica (see Mox- OUY) was in fact nothing else than a succes- sion of monodic melodies loosely strung together. After the establishment of monody, madrigals gradually fell into disuse, iladrigals were in- troduced early into England, but the first English collection. Musica Transalpina. edited by X. Yonge ( 1588) , was made up mainly from transla- tions of the Italian. Previously, however, in 1530. a collection of polyphonic songs had been published by Wynkyn de Worde. There are now extant more than a thousand madrigals composed by about a hundred different musicians of the seventeenth century. Among the most distin- guished English composers in this form are Wil- liam Byid (the earliest), John Wilbye, John Dowland, Thomas ilorley, and Orlando Gibbons. In 1741 the iladrigal Society (q.v.) of London was founded. In the eighteenth century the mad- rigal was superseded by the ylte, which differs from the former in that it is performed by solo voices, whereas the madrigal was always per- formed by a chorus. Consult Cox, Enylish Madri- gals in the Time of Shakespeare (London, 1899). MADRIGAL SOCIETY. The oldest musical association for part singing in Europe. It was founded at London in 1741 by John Immyns, a memlier of the Academy of Ancient Music. The earliest records date from 1744. and the follow- ing year we find the number of members limited to 16, and the meetings taking place every Wednesday evening. The sessions were divided into two parts, in each of which four madrigals were sung. Later the number of members was increased to twenty, then thirty, and finally to forty, the present number. In 1811 the first prize, a silver cup, was offered for the best madrigal by a member of the society, and in 1876 ladies were first admitted to the yearly festival. There are at present five meetings a year. MADRONA4, ma-drO'nya. A Califomian tree. See Abbutus. MAD TOM. Any of several small catfish of the genus Schilbeodes, common throughout the fresh waters of the Eastern United States, espe- cially southward. They have elongate bodies and Very thick skins, and have habits similar to those of darters, "lying on the bottom among rocks and weeds and delighting in small, rocky brooks." The best-known species is Schilbeodes insignis, which reaches a length of nearly a foot; it is dark brown, somewhat mottled, and all the fins are broadly dark-edged. Another much mot- tled form is Schilbeodes miurus. These catfish have large poison glands, and a wound from the pectoral spine is painful, though not serious. See Catfish and Plate of Catfish. MADURA, ma-dijo'ra. The capital of a dis- trict in Madras. British India, the ancient capi- tal of the Pandyan Kingdom. 270 miles (344 by rail) southwest of iladras (Map: India, C 7). It is celebrated for some of the finest examples of Hindu architecture in existence. It has wide and regular streets, and large market places, and until recently was surrounded by a double wall with 72 towers and an encircling ditch from 60 to 70 feet wide; the dwelling houses, however, are poor. The Temple of Minarchi or Fish Mother, in the centre of the city, is the fourth of the seven strongholds of idolatry in India. It is said to have been partially destroyed in the ilood of Menu, and to have been rebuilt by Sek- hara Pandyan in the second or third century : to have been nearly destroyed during the second Mohammedan conquest in the fourteenth century, and renewed by Viswanatha Xayak. Its present splendor is due to Tirumulla Xayak. the last Rajah, who reigned 1622-62. The outer wall of the temple is a parallelogram of 800 by 700 feet, within which are 50 buildings devoted to the various purposes of the temple worship, and the use of those who conduct it. Tlie wall is of granite with a parapet of brick, and is 37 feet high. The main entrances are by four gateways. 30 feet high, through towers 50 -or 60 feet wide at the base which ri=e in 11 stories to the height