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MAGDALEN COLLEGE. 671 MAGDEKUK.G. grammarian Lily, Cardinal Wolsey, Bishop Foxe, Tyndale, John Lyiy, John Hampden, Philpotts, Addison, Gibbon, and Lord Selborne. See Ox- ford Umvebsity; Wolsey; James II. MAGDALENE (mag'da-len) COLLEGE. A college at Cambridge University, England. Though nominally dating from 1519, it really began its career in 1542. It was founded by Thomas, Baron Audley, of Walden, and Chancel- lor of England, on the site of a Benedictine house founded in 1428, called Monks' Hostel, later Buckingham College. It was endowed partly by property in London and partly by spoils of the monasteries. One peculiarity of the foundation is that the master is nominated by the owner of Audley End, the country-seat of the founder. The college possesses three libraries, the college library proper, the Peckard libraiy, and the Pepysian library. The latter, contained in a separate building, is the collection of Samuel Pepys (q.v.), the diarist, and contains the manu- scripts of his diary, together with other rare and curious documents, including the love letters of Henrj- VIII. to Anne Boleyn, the whole having been given by Pepys, who was a member of the college. There were, in 1902, in JIagdalene Col- lege, a master, a president, three foundations and four honorary fellows, college officers, lecturers, tutors, and some sixty undergraduates. The col- lege presents to six livings. Its distinguished members include archbishops Cirindal, Usher, and Cranmcr. See Cambbidge Uxivebsity; Pepys. MAGDALEN ( mad'lin I HALL. Once a col- lege at Oxford, England, established by William of Waynflete at the same time as his foundation of Magdalen College (q.v.). It was designed as a school for students previous to their admission to that college, and was presided over by one of the fellows of that foundation. In 1002 it be- came an independent hall and so remained till 1816, when Magdalen College resumed the prem- ises, transferring the members of the hall to the premises of Hertford College, which were ac- quired for them in 1822. In 1874 the hall was dissolved and reincorporated as Hertford College. While it was still a hall, Tyndale, the poet Daniel, Lord Clarendon, Sir Henrj- Vane, and Hobbes were members. See Oxford Um'ersity. MAG'DALEN ISLANDS. A small group of islands belonging to Quebec, and situated near the centre of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 54 miles northwest of Cape Breton Island (Map: Canada, S 7). They consist chiefly of rocky cliffs, but contain some good soil suitable for agriculture. The inhabitants, who number about 5000, are chiefly supported by the produc- tive cod. herring, and seal fisheries of the neigh- boring waters. MAGDEBURG, mac'de-boorK. The capital of tlic Province of Saxony, Prussia, a first-class modern fortress, and one of the leading commer- cial cities of Northern Germany (Map: Prussia, D 2). It is situated principally on the left bank of the Elbe, here divided into three arms, 88 miles by rail west-southwest of Berlin. The portion on the left hank of the Elbe comprises the Alt- stadt. with its surrounding suburbs of Wilhelm- stadt on the west. Xeustadt on the north. Suden- burg on the southwest, and Buckau on the south- east. The citadel and the Grosser Werder are on two islands of the Elbe, and Friedrichstadt is on the right bank. The abandoning of the forti- fications to the north and south of the old town during the second half of the nineteenth cen- tury considerably increased the area of the city, and the additional space has been utilized for modern quarters, as well as for parks. The ancient and irregular plan of the old town has also been somewhat improved. The present forti- fications of the city consist of the citadel, a rem- nant of the old fortifications, and a number of detached forts and redoubts, built in 1860. The old town is intersected from south to north by a wide avenue (Breiter-Weg), lined with many fine shops and old-fashioned gable houses. The Kaiserstrasse, west of this street, is the prin- cipal thoroughfare of the town. Xotcworthy monuments are the one to the Emperor Otho the Great on the Alte Markt, erected by the munici- pality about 1290, and recently restored, and that to William I. on the Kaiser Wilhelm Platz. The Cathedral of Saints Maurice and Catha- rine, erected mainly in 1208-1.363 and completed in 1.521. is a magnificent Ciothic structure, with some traces of the Romanesque. It has a fine polygonal choir, having carved stalls, many monuments and tombs, including those of Otho the Cireat and his wife Editha. The monument to Archbishop Ernest of Saxony, by Viseher, is espe- cially elaborate, and there is a rare old chapter- room. The cathedral contains many ancient ob- jects of interest. The other noteworthy churches are the Church of Our Lady, a cruciform Roman- esque basilica of the eleventh century, attached to which are some beautiful cloisters, now used as a school; the GJothic Church of Saint Ulrich; the new Church of Saint Paul in Wilhelmstadt ; and the synagogue. The most notable secular buildings are the Rathaus (1091), the old royal palace, now used as a museum, the administra- tion building, the exchange, and the Reichsbank. In the way of educational institutions Magde- burg has a pedagogical seminary, three gymnasia, several 'real' schools, an industrial art school, and a technical school. Among the collections are a public library of about 30.000 volumes, the archives of Saxony, and a nuiseum with collec- tions of paintings, engravings, sculptures, etc. The economic importance of the city is consider- able. Besides being one of the principal centres of the beet-sugar industry in Germany, and well known for its fine fruit and vegetables, Magde- burg has great machine works. Among them are the famous Gruson Works at Buckau. now a part of the Krupp Works, and employing about 3000 persons. In addition there are extensive distil- leries, chemical works, and manufactures of chic- ory, chocolate, tobacco, cigars, cement, artificial fertilizers, pottery, ribbons, gloves, and musical instruments. The commerce is extensive, especially in beet sugar. Local manufactures, agricultural and colonial products, and books are also largely dealt in. Traffic is favored by frequent markets and an annual two weeks' fair in September. A considerable part of the commerce is carried on by water. The city has latterly constructed a fine harbor. The municipal administration is in the hands of a chief burgomaster, a burgomaster, a council of seventy-two members, and a board of twenty-five magistrates. The municipality owns the water works and the gas works, both of which it operates at a profit. It also has a savings institution. The budget for 1902-03 bal-