flowers, which appear before the deciduous leaves. It is one of the fiiiest of ornamental trees, and succeeds in most of the United Slates from Kew York southward. It is followed by ilagnoUa Houlangiana, a horticultural variety, and Uag- nulia ubovata, a Japanese species, with purplish tinted tlowers. Maynolia iiiacruphylla and Mag- nolia Fraseri, American species, have about the same range as iJagnolia graiidiflora, are trees 40 to 50 feet in height and are conspicuous for the size of their leaves, which in ilagnolia macrophylla become from two to three feet long and a foot across. Their flowers are rose red, the petals three to sis inches long. The genus Magnolia appears first in the Cretaceous rocks of Europe, and its fruits and leaves are abundant in the succeeding Tertiary deposits of Xorth Amer- ica, Europe, Asia, and Australia, and also from the Arctic regions far outside the limits of its present distribution.
IIAGKNITS. The name of several kings of Norway. Denmark, or Sweden. Magxus 1., the Good, King of Norway ( 1033-47). and of Den- mark ( 1042-47 ). was a son of Saint Olaf (q.v. ). — il.^GXUs II., the Barefooted, King of Norway about 1093-1103, conquered the Orkneys and Heb- rides, and was killed in an expedition to Ireland. — il.^G.vts Erik-ssox became King of Nonvay and Sweden in 1319. He gave Norway to his son Haakon about 1343. He reigned in Sweden until 13G3, when he was deposed by his subjects, who gave the crown to Albert of Mecklenburg. Mag- nus died in 1374.
MAGNUS, mag'nus, Edu.a.ed (1799-IS72). A German painter, born in Berlin, where he studied the natural sciences and philosophy at the univer- sity, besides architecture and painting at the academy. Subsequent travels in Italy. France, England, and Spain contributed essentially to his artistic development, and after his return to Ber- lin, where he became a member of the Academy in 1837 and professor in 1844, he occupied for a long time an influential position in the artistic world. Of his few genre pictures. '"The Return of the Klepht" (1836, National Gallery, Berlin) is the most noteworthy, but his fame rests on the subtle refinement and sterling technique of his numerous portraits, among which only those of ".Jenny Lind," "Thorwaldsen" (both in the National Gallery, Berlin), "Field Marshal Wrangel," "Henr'iette Sontag," and "Adolf Men- zel," may be mentioned as conspicuous examples. To his mastery in portraying women an entire gallery of likenesses bears witness.
MAGNtrS, Heixrich Gustav (1802-70). A German physicist and chemist, born at Berlin. He studied at Berlin and under Berzelius at Stockholm. At the age of twenty-six he had alrea<Iy made important contributions to chemis- try, and in 1834 was made extraordinary and in 184.5 full professor of phvsics and technol- ogy in the Universitv of Berlin. His original in- vestigations include important experiments on the transmission of heat through gases, a series of determinations of the vapor tension of water at difl'erent temperatures, and of the vapor ten- sions of homogeneous liquid mixtures, etc. Con- sult Hofmann. Zur Erinnrrting an Giistav Mag- nxm (Berlin. 1871).
MAGNUS, Glaus (c.l4n0-1.558). A Swedish historian, born at Linkoping. Following the lead of his elder brother, the Archbishop of Upsala, he entered the Church, and was an archdeacon by 1523. After the Reformation both brothers went to live in Rome, and upon the death of the Arch- bishop (1544) Glaus became his titular succes- sor. Two jears afterwards, Paul III. sent him to the Council of Trent, and his Uistoria de (Jenti- hiia Hepteiitrionalibuii was published in 1855. It has been translated into four modern languages and is valuable to students of the local color of that era,
MAGNUSEN, mag'noU-sfn, Fixx (1781- 1847). A Norse scholar and archaeologist. He was born August 27, 1781, at Skalholt, in Ice- land. He practiced law, but his strong bent toward archieological pursuits led him in 1812 to return to Copenhagen, where he devoted him- self with much zeal to his favorite studies, under tile direction of his distinguished countrymea Thorkelin and Thorlacius. In 1815 he obtained a chair of literature in the universitv. Among his earliest and most noteworthy works are his papers on the aboriginal home and earliest mi- grations of the Caucasian races (1818); his contributions to northern archeology (1820); the indices, glossaries, and lexicon which he compiled for the elucidation of the second and third of the Arne-Magnusen editions of the Ed- das (1818 and 1828): his comprehensive trans- lation of the Elder Edda, JEldre Edda, oversat og forklaret (1824) : and his exposition of the same work (Eddalarm og dens Oprindelse, 1824- 26). Among his later works, his Runamo og Runerne (1841) has given rise to much angry discussion ; and although many of his interpret- ations of assumed runes have been proved to be untenable, the learning and acumen which he brought to bear on the subject of runes generally have thrown great light on this branch of archa;- ology. In conjimction with Rafn, Magniisen elu- cidated the history and antiquities of Greenland in an able work (Gronlands historiske Mindcs- marker, 1838-45) ; and he subsequently prose- cuted a similar course of inquiry in regard to Russia in Antiquites russes (1850-52). In ad- dition to these works. Magnusen annotated manv of the most important remains of old northern literature, as the Heimskringla.Bakonarmal. Lnx- d(rla-liaga, etc. : and besides numerous mono- graphs on archa>ological and historic subjects of interest, made many valuable contributions to current Icelandic literature. He died December 24. 1847.
MAGNUSSON, mag'noos-son. Arxi (1663- 1730). A Norse scholar and antiquary, born in Iceland, After .studving at home Magnusson went to Copenhagen, where he soon after received an appointment in the Royal Archives. In 1701 he became professor of philosophy and northern antiquities at the imiversity. From 1702 till 1712 he traveled through Iceland as a member of a commission, and at this time laid the founda- tion of the famous collection that bears his name. It is largely owing to Magnusson's industry and enthusiasm that so nuieh of the classical litera- ture of Iceland has been preserved. After return- ing to Denmark he continued to add to his collection, at the same time making copious notes. In 1728 about two-thirds of the manu- scripts were destroyed by fire. The remainder, together with Magnusson's whole fortune, were bequeathed to the university library, where they
