Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/79

LECTISTERNIUM. 69 The images were frein'ially nf wood, with heads of clay, wax, or marble. LE'DA (Lat., from Gk. A^5a). In Grecian legend, the wife of the Spartan King Tyndareus, whom Zeus visited in the disguise of a swan. She became the motlier by Zeus of Pollux and Helen, and by Tyndareus of Castor and Clytem- nestra. In Homer only Helen is the child of Zeus. Others made Helen the daughter of Nemesis, and merely a foster-child of Leda. Leda with the swan was a favorite theme in ancient art. and has been treated by many modem ar- tists. LEDEBOTJR, la'de-boor, Karl Friedrich vox (ITSolS.il ). A German botanist, born at Stral- sund. At the age of twenty he Ijecame director of the botanical garden and professor of botany at Greifswald. which positions he held imtil 1811, when he went to Dorpat. He remained there until 1836. and from then until his death resided mainly in Germany. His most important writ- ings are: Seise durclt das Altaigebirge (2 vols. 1829-30) ; Icones Pla7itartim Xovarum Floram Rossicam (5 vols., 1829-34): Flora Rossica (3 vols.. 1842.51). LEDEBTJB, la'de-boor, Leopold, Baron (1799- 1877). A German historian, born in Berlin. In the new Berlin Museum he was appointed director of the art department of the iluseimi for German Antiquities and of the ethnographical collection and served there until 1875. His more impor- tant books include: Das Land und folk der Ilrukterer (1827) ; Blicke auf die Litteratur des letzten Jahrzehnts zur Kenntnis Germaniens zwischen Rhein und Weser (1837); and in genealogy and heraldry the Archiv fiir deutsche Adelsgeschirhte. Genealogie, Heraldik und Sphra- gistik (1863-0.5). LEDERER, la'de-rPr, .Toux. A German ex- plorer in America. He wrote in Latin a book of his adventures which was translated by Sir William Talbot under the title The Discoceries of John Lederer in Three Several Marches from Virginia to the West of Carolina and Other Parts of the Continent: Begun in March, IGGO, and Ended in September, ISTO. Together iiith a General Map of the Whole Territory which he Traversed (1672). In his preface, the translator says that he met Lederer in ilaryland, whither the latter had been forced to flee by the jealous rage of the Virginians. LEDESMA BXJITRAGO, Ifi-des'ma bwe-trii'- go. Alonzo de (1.552-1632). A Spanish poet, born at Segovia. He first became known as the author of the Concept os espiritiiales (1600) and Jnegos de nochrhuena (1611). These volumes established the cult of the conceptistas. It was a school of impossible conceits and para- doxes, and in order to make the whole scheme mystical, a curious vocabulary l)eeanie part of the system. Other works are Monstruo iniagi- nado (1615) and Epigramas y jeroglificos a la rida de Christo . . . (1635). Quevedo was the most celebrated disciple of this school, and its in- fluence extended to Lope de Vega. Rivadenei- ra's Biblioteca de autores espai'ioles (Madrid. 1872) contains a selection of the works of Ledesma. LEDOCHOWSKI. le'dA-Kov'ske. MlECZY.s- LAW. Count (1822-1902). A Roman Catholic ecclesiastic. He was born at Gorki, near Sando- LEDRTJ-ROLLIN. mir, in Galicia, of an ancient Polish family, educated by the Lazarists at Warsaw and the Je.suits in Rome, and ordained priest in 1845. He soon attracted the favorable notice of Pius IX., who made him a domestic prelate and prothonotary apostolic. After filling various diplomatic posts at Madrid, Li-sbon. Rio de .la- neiro. Santiago, and Brussels, he was raised to the episcopate in 1801 as titular Archbishop of Thebes. On the nomination of the Prussian Government, he was appointed in 1866 to the metropolitan see of Posen and Gnesen: but, dissatisfied with the attitude of the Government in 1870, when his request for German interven- tion in favor of the Pope was disregarded, he took the lead in the ultramontane opposi- tion, and did much to encourage the Polish na- tional movement. In 1873 the determined stand which he took against the 'May Laws' in the Kulturkampf (q.v.) caused him to be impris- oned for two years at Ostrowo. At the beginning of his captivity the Government deprived him of liis see: the Pope, however, made him a cardinal in 1875, and after his release he resided in Rome, formally resigning his archbishopric in 1886. From 1892 until the time of his death lie occupied the important position of Prefect of the Propaganda. See Missions, Ciieistiax. LEDRAIN, le-draN', EuGfeNE (1844—). A French archa;ologist. born at Sainte Suzanne (ilayenne). He was at first a priest, but after- wards devoted himself especially to the study of Oriental archa>olog^'. He became one of the curators of the Department of Oriental An- tiquities in the Louvre, and professor at the school attached to that musexim. His works include: ["«• grand seigneur feodal dans la moyenne Egypte (1876) ; Les momies grcco-fgijp- tiennes ornees de portraits peints sitr panncaiix (1877): Hisfoire d'lsracl (1879-82); and Les ■ monuments egyptiens de la Bibliothcque Xationale (1880-81). LEDRU-BOELIKT, le-dru'ro'lax', Alexan- dre AlGUSTE (1807-74). A noted French radi- cal. He was born February 2. 1807. at Fonte- nay. near Paris, in a h(mse which had once been Scarron's. He studied for the bar. and was ad- mitted in 1830. He was counsel for the defense in most of the prosecutions of opposition jour- nals during the reign of Louis Philippe, and obtained a great reputation as a defender of republicans. In 1841 he was elected Deputy by the Department of Sarthe. and became prominent in the Chamber as a member of the extreme Left. He was the editor of several of the most ad- vanced newspapers of the day. and the author of pamphlets and protests against the repression of public and individual liberties. In 1846 he published an Appel auw trnrnilleiirs. in which he declared his attitude toward the working classes. He was also an ardent promoter of the reform meetings that preceded the Revolution of IS48. being associated with Lamartinc and Louis Blanc as an orator of the workingmen. at whose political banquets he advocated the droit pour Irarailler ('right to labor') and universal suf- frage. On the outbreak of the Revolution he became one of the leaders and advocated the formation of a provisional government, and when this was carried out was intrusted with the portfolio of the Interior. He was afterwards one of the five in whose hands the Constituent