Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/804

IIAINE. 714 MAINPKIZE. the growth of law and legal conceptions. On fondements de psychulvyic ; Souveaux esaaU these subjects he is one of the highest authori- d'anthropoloyie. In the beginning Biran was a ties. The value of his contributions to science sensualist and a follo.ver of C'ondillac, but found Mas recognized by various foreign societies which meclianical sensation incapable of explaininf elected him to membership. His chief works are: the phenomenon of consciousness. He worked lioman Law and Legal Education, published in out a system of personality in which the cu the Cambridge Essays (1850); Aiicicnt Law was made the centre of the universe, original and (London. 1801): Milage Vommunities in the uncreated itself, creating eveiything outsidr EnsI and West (London, 1871) ; Lictures on (he Early Uistcrry of Instilutions (187.5); Modern Theories of Succession to I'ro/icrty (1878) ; Dis- sertations on Early Law and Customs; and Popu- lar (lorcrnmeni (1885). These works arc char- acterized by keenness of judgment and wide I itself. This ego Biran identified with liviii.' force — will (in this anticipating Schopenliauer i . At first will is merely blind, unconscious effort (Schopenhauer's will-to-live) ; ]>assinL' through the stages of sensation, or glimnici ing consciousness and perception, or the con learning. He died in 1888. Consult: Duff. Sir sciousness of concrete objects, it attains its liigl Henry Maine: A Brief Memoir of His Life (Lon- est development in reflection, abstract thouglit, don, 1892) ; Pollock, Oxford Lectures (Oxford, when the ego formulates mathematical truth- 1890). and is capable of contemplating itself. Lite. MAINE, Uni^'Ersity of. A co-educational **"> '^ "'"• "'"' t'"* o"t«""" «orld is not mat.- State institution at Orono, Jlaine. founded on the "■,'"'■ '"'* '"cipI.v the impression produced liy national land grant in 1805 under the name of the *'"' f'^^l'i'ig of other wills against our own. Tl State College of Agriculture and Jlechanic Arts. The present name was assumed in 1897. The imiversity comprises the colleges of arts and sciences, agriculture, engineering, and pharmacy, and the school of law. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station is a department of the uni- versity. The university confers the bachelor's and master's degrees in arts, philosophy, science, and law, the degrees of civil, mechanical, and electrical engineer, and pharmaceutical chemist. Military instruction is required by law. Stu- dents are admitted upon examination or on a certificate from an accredited school. The total attendance in 1902 was 484. and the faculty num- lieicd 58. The library contained about 22,000 world exists only as conditioned by will; (ind exists because the idea of God is" necessarily grcrunded in the nature of the will. This reasi.ii ing infiuenced Fichte and the German idealist-, but failed to retain its hold on Biran himseli. If the world, he went <m to argue, is the realizn- tion of will, does not the unchanging order of the universe presuppose an invincible, infallible will, striving ever at one aim according to im- mutable laws of its own nature? Such an ex- alted living force Biran failed to find in the pitiful human will, and he saw himself driven into the assumption of a superhuman will, who-e image the universe might be — God. And as tdi merly everything and (iod were to him creature- was but the manifestation of the divine will. Biran was well on the way to mysticism when he died. Consult Xaville, ' J/aine de Biran (3d ed.. Paris. 1874). volumes. The endowment was ,$218,300; the value "^ man's will, now everything, including man. of grounds and buildings, .$247,241; and of all the college property, $322,241. The income was $105,080. of which $15,000 is received from the Federal Government for the experiment station, $25,000 for the maintenance of the universitv, and .$20,000 is provided by the State for current expenses. During 1902 courses were begun in mining and naval engineering, a summer school and a correspondence course were estahlislied. and uniform entrance requirements Maine colleges were adopted. MAINE DE BIRAN, man de b^'riix'. Fran- cois Pierre (Jontiiier (17C0-1824). A French metaphysician. He was born at Bergerac in the Department of Dordogne and was trained by the frdres doctrinaires of Pf-rigueux. In 1785 he joined the bodyguard of I^uis XVI.. but retired to his native town on the outbreak of the Kevo- Uition. He was elected to the Five Hundred in 1797. became xous-prefet of Bergerac in 1806. Countof the Empire in 1809, and in 1812 made hi.s permanent home in Paris. He changed from MAINE-ET -LOIRE, A Iwiir. A northwestern inland department of France, bounded on the west by the Department of Loire-Inff'rieure, and on the east by that of Indre-et-Loire (Map: France, F 4)." Area. 2749 square miles. The with all other surface is gently undulating, and is traversed by the Loire. The soil is fertile, producing the usual cereal and vegetable crops, and a variety of excellent fruits. The vine is largely cultivated. Stock-raising is carried on. Iron and coal mine- arc worked: and there arc numerous mills and factories for the production of cotton, woolen, and linen goods. Capital. Angers. The depart- ment is formed mainlv out of the ancient Anjou. Population, in 1890. .514.870; in 1901. 514.(5.58. MAINE LIQUOR LAW. See Maine. MAIN GUARD. The principal guard of a post, camp, or barracks is called the main guard. ^apoeon to the Bourbons, sat in the loyal to distinguish it from purelv local or minor ehanil>er of 1816 and remained an ardent royalist guards, as stable guard, park ^.ard, etc. Whcr. till h,s death. July 20. 1824. Maine de Biran regiments are brigaded together on service, or published very little during Ins lifetime, and his in camp, it is the guard pertaining to the camp full importance was appreciated only by those and brigade headquarters. See Gr.A.RD. who knew him intimately, men like Royer-Col- ivr a ttwt a ■^TT^ - n j ti lard and Cousin, the latter of whom speaks of ^,Z^^^ff^n '"""'""; "^ PfMO^^. The Biran as his teacher. His theories in their en '""""' "^ " ^^"'^ ^^^^""^^ <'l-^-'- firety remained unkn.iwn until Cousin published MAINLAND. The largest of the Shetland a part of his works in 1841, and Xaville issued Islands (q.v.). ]^h Life (1851), and an edition of his important MAINPRIZE. or MAINPRISE (OF. mni,,- writings (1859). Chief among these are: Rap- prise, meinprise. surety, bail, from mainnrendrr. ports du physique et du moral; Essai sur les to take surety, from" main, hand, from Lat. i