Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/81

LEE. object means to have that object between you and the wind, so as to get less wind or a smoother sea. To leeward is toward the lee, away from the direction from which tlie wind comes. The lee-anchor (in the case of a ship moored with two anchors) is the one by which she is not riding. A lee-hoard is a small board placed on the lee side of a small boat to keep her from drifting to leeward ; it was the prototype of the centre-board so much used in shallow-built vessels. LEE, Alfbed (1807-87). An American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was born at Cambridge, Mass., graduated at Har- vard in 1827, and. after legal studies and three years' practice of the law in Xew London. Conn., graduated at the General Theological Seminary in 18.37. He was rector of Calvarv Church, Rockdale. Pa., from 18.38 to 1841, when he was chosen first Bishop of Delaware, becoming rector of Saint Andrew'.?. Wilmington (1842). He was a member of the American Committee for the Eevision of the Xew Testament (1881), and pre- siding bishop (1884). Lee wrote: Life of Saint Peter (18.52): Life of Snint John (18.54); A Treatise on Baptism (18.54); Memoir of Snsan Allibone (1856); Harbinger of Christ (1857); and Cooperative Revision of the A^eic Testament (1881). LEE, Axx (1736-84). Tlie founder of the Shakers in America. She was born in Man- chester. England, February 29, 1736. In 1758 she became connected with Quakers, or Shakers, a sect establisbed by seceders from the Friends who, in their meetings, e.xJiibitcd fits of trembling, whence their name. In 1762 she mar- ried ,braham Stanley (or Standerlin). She was at the time a cook, he a blacksmith, and both were im.ible to write. In 1770 she claimed to have a revelation that strict continence was en- joined. For preaching this doctrine and other peculiarities of the Shaking Quakers' faith, such as the nearness of the Second Advent, and for her alleged visions, prophecies, and power of working miracles, she was much persecuted and several times imprisoned : but, on the other hand, so endeared to her co-religionists that they yielded to her leadership and called her Mother Ann. To escape persecution, she came with her husband and some followers to .merica in 1774, In 1770. having separated herself entirely from her husband, she established at Xiskayuna (now Watervliet), near Troy, X. Y., the first Shaker community. During the Revolutionary- War she was imprisoned, with some of her followers, be- cause they refused to bear arms. Released in 1781, she traveled on a missionary tour. She died at Wateniiet, September 8," 1784. See Shakers. LEE, Abtiitt! (1740-92). One of the Ameri- can representatives in Europe during the Revo- lutionary War, youngest son of Thomas Lee, and brother of Richard Henry Lee. Francis Light- foot Lee. He was born in Stratford. Westmore- land County, Va., December 20, 1740. and was educated at home in Virginia, at Eton, and at the L'niversity of Edinburgh, where he re- ceived the degree of ;M.D. After travel on the Continent, he returned to Virginia, and began the practice of medicine at Williamsburg. Soon, however, abandoning this, he proceeded in 17flfi to London, where he continued the study 71 LEE. of law until 1770, and successfully practiced his profession there until 1770, taking an effective share in the political pamphleteering of the time. Upon Franklin's return to America early in 1775, Lee succeeded him as the agent of Massa- chusetts, and late in the same year he was ap- pointed by the Committee of Secret Correspond- ence of the Continental Congress as its secret agent in London. In this capacity, also, he spent much of the following year at Paris, and in Oc- tober, 1770, was appointed by the Continental Congress one of its commissioners to France. Early in 1777 he was sent as a commissioner of the United States to Spain, but was not received officially, and accomplished little, beyond secur- ing a small loan. Upon his return "from Spain he went informally, in the summer of 1777, to the courts of Austria and Prussia, for the pur- pose of securing aid or, at least, of establish- ing cordial relations, ileanwhile, until the ap-' pointment of .Jay, he continued to act as Com- missioner to Spain, though he <lid not revisit that country. He was also one of the nego- tiators of the treaties concluded with France in February, 1778. The importance of his services and the extent of his influence were greatly di- minished by his bitter opposition to Franklin. Under rather inauspicious circumstances he re- turned to America in the summer of 1780, and retired temporarily to private life. In the spring of 1781 Prince William County sent him to the Virginia Legislature, by which body, at the close of the year, he was s»nt to the Continental Congress, where he remained until 1785. In 1784 he was one of the commission- ers who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Stan- wix (q.v.) witU the Indians of the northern and northwestern frontiers. From 1784 to 1789 he was also a member of the 'Treasury Board.' and he was one of the commission created in 1786 to revise the laws of Virginia. On the establishment of the new Xational (Jovernment he retired finally to private life, and died after a brief illness, December 12, 1792. Consult: R. H. Ix"e, Life of Arthur Lee, irith His Political and Literary Correspondence (2 vols., Boston, 1829) ; and Wharton (ed. ), Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United Slates, vol. i. (Washington, 1889). The Arthur Lee Manu- scripts are to be found in the library of Harvard University. LEE, Cn.RLES (1731-82). A Britisb-Ameri- can soldier, born at Dernhall, Cheshire, England. He received a commission as lieutenant in the British Army in 1751 ; accompanied Braddock's expedition in 1755; and in 1758 was wounded at Ticonderoga, and was promoted to a captaincy. In 1762 he served with conspicuous gallantry in Portugal, and received a commission from that country as a lieutenant-colonel under Burgovne, who had been sent by England to assist Portugal against Spain. In 1704-00 and again in 1709- 70 he served in the Polish .Army, first as a staff officer under King Stanislas Augustus and later as a major-general in the Turkish cam- paign. After much intriguing he became a lieu- tenant-colonel on half pay in the British ser- vice in May, 1772, and in the fall of 1773 emigrated to America, whore he used every effort to ingratiate himself with the Patriot party, whose side he took with great ostentation. Sev- eral political pamphlets which he wrote at this