Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/823

TVTAT. ABTA 731 •M-AT.AVAT.TTW sinks into a refreshing sleep and the paroxysm is over. In the pernicious form of malaria which occurs in the tropics and is ahvaj-s associated with the a^tivoautumnal parasite, the attack is sudden anil violent, with intense cerebral disturbance, cither delirium or coma. This form is j;cncrally fatal. The only remedy which can be relied on in this disease is quinine, which may be regarded as a specific. Large doses have somctiiues to be given in the severer types of the alTectiou. For the profound ansemia following long-continued infections, iron and arsenic are given. Consult: Osier, I'raclice of Medicine (New York, 1901) ; Seheube. Diseases of Warm Countries (London, 190.3); in the latter book will be found a com- plete list of articles on recent discoveries in malaria. See ActJE; Ikteemittext Fetee; Mi.is>r.. MALASPINA, miria-spe'na, Saba. An Ital- ian historian, chancellor under Pope .John XXI. He was of the same stock as Ricordano Jlalas- pina (c. 1200-81), the atithor of an Istoria fioretitina: and ^Tote 7?e.5 SiruI<F, de.aling. from the side of the Guelphs. with the period between 1250 and 12T(;. MALATESTA, ma'la-tes'ta. The name of an Italian family settled in the Eomagna. The princijial branch of the family ruled in Rimini, of which Slalatesta de Verrucchio secured pos- session in 1295. He was an active Guelph par- tisan, as was his son and successor, Malate.stino, who annexed Cesena in 1314. One of his broth- ers. Giovanni, was the husband of Franeesea da Rimini, daughter of Guido da Polenta, the pa- thetic story of whose love for Giovanni's brother, Paolo, is told in Dante's Inferno. Malatestino's brother. Pandolfo I., succeeded him, and continued the traditional policy of his family, in supporting the Pope against the Ghibellines. During the Renaissance the family was among the most pow- erful in Italy. It was connected by marriage with the houses of L'rbino and !Montefeltro. and it had possession at one time of Bergamo and Brescia. Perhaps the most celebrated of this family is Gismondo, who died in 1468. He was a patron of artists and authors, the founder of a library at Rimini, and a skillful general, who fought for himself as well as for Venice, Xaples, Siena, Florence, and Aragon. He made war upon the Pope and was excommunicated in 1460. He was a son-in-law of Francesco Sforza. The last Malatesta who was Lord of Rimini was Pandolfo IV., who sold Rimini to the Venetians in 150,S. MALATIA, mii'la-te'a. The capital of a sanjak ami a garrison town in the Vilayet of Maniuret-ul-Aziz, Asiatic Turkey, situated at an altitiidc of 2900 feet, about 10 miles southwest nf the Kuplirates and about 90 miles northwest of Dinrlxkir (Map: Turkey in Asia. H 3). It is a well built town, with many new stone buildings erected since the earthquake of 1S93: a fine khan, and extensive bazaars. Fruit ctilture constitutes the chief industry, and the town is of considerable conunereial importance. There arc a nimiber of Kuropoan and American missionary stations. Population, about 30.000. including over ."iOOO Armenians. During 1895 it was the scene of fearful atrocities, when about 3000 Armenian Christians were massacred. The ancient town of Malatia or ^Melitene. five miles to the northeast, Vol. xn.^7. at Eski-Shehr, now a mass of ruins, was the sta- tion of the twelfth legion in the time of Titus and was raised to the rank of a city by Trajan. It was in turn the capital of Armenia Secunda and Armenia Tertia. MALAT7EC, mii-lou'ek. A language of com- merce in Luzim. See Philippine Islands. MALAVIKAGNIMITRA, mii'la-ve-kUg'ne- nie-lia. A Sanskrit drama ol love and intrigue ascribwl to Kalidasa. The leading characters are King Agnimitra and ilalavika, an attendant of the Queen. In poetical quality the work is much inferior to the Sakuulala. It has been trans- lated into (Jerman by Albrecht Weber (1856), into French by Foncaux (1877), and into English by Tawuey (1875). MALAY, ma-la' ( Ixdl^x, or Eastebx ) , AR- CHIPELAGO. The largest system of island groups in the world, situated between Southeast- ern A^ia and the Australian continent, separating the Pacific from the Indian Ocean, and extending 20 degrees north of the equator and about half that distance south of it. Ejcclusive of Xew Guinea, the archipelago has a total area of about 800.000 square miles, with an estimated popula- tion (1895) of 42.000,000. The principal gioups are the Suuda Islands, including Sumatra, .lava, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, and the neighboring islands; Borneo and Celebes, with their dependent isles, to the north of the Sundas; the Philippines, northeast of Borneo, and the Moluccas, east of Celebes. The western or Dutch division of New Guinea is also reckoned a part of the Malay Archipelago. The Malay Archipelago is a great seat of volcanic activity. Xearly all of these islands are abundantly watered and cov- ered with luxuriant tro])ical vej>etation. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to engage in trade in the archipelago, but the chief European nations to exploit the islands have been the Dutch and the Spanish, and the archipelago now prac- tically belongs to the former, with the e.xce])tion of the Philippines (which belong to the L'nited States), the northern part of Borneo (which is British), and the British island of Singapore, and a part of the island of Timor (which is Portu- guese). For details, see articles on the separate groups and islands. The name Indonesia is some- times applied to the Malay Archipelago. BiBLlOGRAPHT. Crawford. Ilisturii of the In- dian Archipelago (Edinburgh. 1820) : Xewbold, Polilieal and statistical Account of the British Setllements in the i^traits of Malacca (London, 1839) ; Thomson, Straits of Malacca (London, 1875) : Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (London, 1880) ; Forbes, .1 yaturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago (London. 1885) : Basti; , Indoncsien (Berlin, 1884-94) : Guillemard, J/o/ai/- sia and the Pacific Archipelago (London. 1895) ; Kiikenthal. /»! malaiischcn Archipel. Kin For- schunfjsrcisc (Frankfort. 1896t : Pedersen. Durch den indischen Archipel (Stuttgart, 1902). IffAT.AYALIM, mii'hiya'llm. Inhabitants of the Malabar coast of Southwestern India, and sometimes called Malabars. They form one of the civilized peoples of Dravidian stock. They have a written language, the alphabet being de- ri-ed from Hindu sources. The Malnyalnm lan- gtiage is thought to have been originally an off- shoot of Tamil, but r.inks now as an inde- pendent tongue, with a literature of its own.