Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/845

MALTZAN. 753 MALVERN HILL. Dresden. He studied law at Heidelberg, traveled in the East, and familiarized himself with the habits and languages of the inhabitants of Al- geria, where he lived for several years. He trav- eled to Abyssinia in 1857. and made a ceremonial pilgrimage to Jleeca in 1860 and then returned to the northern coast of Africa, where he made re- searches in Tunis and Tripoli (1807-69). He wrote: Drei Juhre im Xordwesten von Afrika (1863); Meine Wallfahrt nach Mckka (1865); Ueise (iiif (ler Insel Sai-diiiirn. (1869) ; Reise in Tunis itntj Tripoli (1870) ; and I'eiscn in Arabien (is7;i). .MA'LUM IN SE,AND MALUM PROHIB'I- TUM. Milium ill se (Lat.. evil in itsclt) is a term which is applied to crimes which involve moral tur))itude or wrong in their very nature, such as murder or theft. Malum prohibitum (Lat., prohibited wrong) is applied to oflfenses which are not morally wrong in their nature, but are pvohibited by statute and therefoi'e unlaw- ful. The distinction is useful in determining proper measures of punishment. Any person may be presumed to have a moral sense of right and wrong, but may nevertheless ignorantly and unintentionally violate some statute or ordinance which does not involve moral transgression. See Crime. MALUS, niii'his'. Etienne Lom.s (1775-1812). A French military engineer and physicist, born at Paris, and educated at the Ecole Polytech- nique. He served in the Army of tlie Rhino, was attached to the Egj'ptian expedition, was present at the siege of Cairo, and came back to France in 1801. He then took charge of the fortifications at Antwerp and Strass- burg, at the same time carrying on his scientific researches. His Traite d'optique, pub- lished in 1811, treats of the refraction and refiection of light, and contains experiments in regard to the reflection of light by trans- paren*; media. Mains in the course of his e.'cperiments discovered that the phenomenon known as the polarization of light would be produced bj' reflection. As he believed in the emission theory, he advanced the hy|)Othesis that particles of light have poles, and that on enter- ing a doubly refracting crystal, some of the par- ticles forming one of the rays may be so arranged as to be transmitted through it, while the par- ticles which should have formed the otlier ray may be so arranged as to prevent their transmis- sion in certain directions. (See Light.) Malus published an account of his experiments in the Memoirs of the Institute, which at once elected him to its membership; and the English Royal Society gave him the Rumford medal, though France and England were then at war. In 1810 he published liis Thcorie de la double refraction de la lumiere dans les substances cristallisees, which was crowned by the Institute. MALVA'CE.ffi (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. malra, iikiUow). An order of tlicotyledonoug plants, (jf which about .35 genera and SOO species, chiefly tropical, are known, most abundant in America, although the most important species belong to the Old World. They arc hcrlis, shrubs, and in tropical countries occasionally trees; with alternate, entire, or lobed leaves; the pubes- cence, if any, starry; the flowers showy, gener- ally on axillary stalks; the calyx generally of five sepals or five segments, often with an epicalyx; the petals generall}' five, hypogynous, twisted in the bud; the stamens numerous, united by their filaments; the ovary consisting of a number of carpels around a common axis, the styles generally five, the ovules few or many; the fruit dry or fleshy. The plants of this order contain a mucilaginous substance in great quan- titj", which is particularly abundant in the roots of the perennial herliaceous sjjecies. The seeds contain a considerable quantity of bland fixed oil. The inner bark of the stem often yields a useful fibre, for which species of Hibiscus and Sida are particularly valued. Cotton belongs to this order. Many species are frequent orna- ments of flower-gardens. (See Cotton; Hibiscus; Hollyhock; Mallow; Marsh-Mallow ; LTre- NA. ) By some botanists the silk trees, Bombax and Eriodendron, are united with this order. The classification of Schumann, with the chief genera, is; Malopese, Malope and Kitaibelia ; Mal- veiE, Abutilon, Malva, Altliaia., Anoda, and Lava- tera; Ureneae, TJrena and Pavonia; and Hibiscese, Hibiscus and Gossypium. MALVERN, mal'vern. A town and the coun- ty-seat of Hot Springs County, Ark., 22 miles southeast of Hot Springs; on the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, at the junction of the Hot Springs Railroad (Map; Arkansas, C 3). It is surrounded by a cotton and fruit growing district, and has manufactures of flour, bricks, and lumber. Population, in 1890, 1520; in 1900, 1582. MALVERN, Great. A town and inland watering-place in Worcestershire, England, pic- turesquely sitviated on the eastern side of the Malvern Hills, 8 miles southwest of Worcester (Map: England, D 4). Its mean annual death rate is less than that of any other watering-place in the Kingdom, owing to the purity and alnin- dance of tlie spring water, and the remarkabls salubrity of the climate. It has chalybeate, sa- line, and alkaline springs, and is a great summer resort. Its restored eleventh-century priory church is famous. Population, in 1891, 14.400; in 1901, 16.400. MALVERN HILL, Battle of. A battle fought on .July 1, 1862, at Malvern Hill, Va., near the north bank of the James River, about 15 miles southeast of Richmond, between the Fcd- ' oral Army of the Potomac, numbering about 80,- 000 men, "under General McClellan. and the Con- federate Army of Northern Virginia, also number- ing about 80,000, under General Lee. It was the last of the 'Seven Days Battles' (q.v.) in the Peninsular campaign. After the engagements at Wliite Oak Bridge and Glendale on June 30th. the whole of the Federal army was stationed on Malvern Hill, an eminence about sixty feet in height, by nature a position of great strength. General Fitz .John Porter was in immediate com- mand. General McClellan having absented him- self to confer with Commodore Rodgers on the gunboat Galena. Late in the afternoon of the 1st, the Confederates, under the imme- diate command of Generals D. H. Hill, Huger, and Magruder. advanced against the position, though there had been an almost con- tinvuil artillery fire throughout the morning; and the fighting continued with slight intermission until nine o'clock in the evening, when the Con- federates, having sustained heavy losses, finall.y withdrew without making any impression on the