Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/854

MAMMALIA. 760 American aeposits. The hares, rabbits, rats, mice, squirrels, and beavers appeared in the xMiocene. The Primates are represented in the tocene and Miocene beds of Xorth America and Europe by fossil skeletons which combine the cliaracters of the lemurs and apes, and which may be con- sidered as ancestral apes. These arc Anapto- morphus, Adapis. and Jlegaladapis. The true- apes appeared in the Middle Miocene of Europo and enjoyed a rapid evolution, for many <>enera have bi-cii found in the Miocene and Pliocene de- posits there. They are all closely allied to the modern genera of" Europe, Africa, and Asia. Fossil traces of man are very rare. BiBLiouRAPiiY. General works on the whole class: Beddard, "Mammalia," vol. x. of Cam- hriitqe atural Bistori/ (London and Xcw York, lOO'i) : Gegenbaur, Vcrgleicltcixlc Anotomie der Wirht'llhirre ( Leipzig, 1898) : Lydekker, vols, i., ii. of Jtotjul (or .Yor) yalural Historij (London and Xew York. 1894-90) ; Flower and Lydekker, Mnmmals, lAvhuj and Extinct (London, 1891); Flower, Ostcoloyy of the Mammalia (London, 3d ed., 188.5) ; Kingslev ct al.. vol. v. Standard Xat- urul HiHtory (Boston, 1884) ; Parker, Jlurie, et al., vols, i., ii., iii., Cassell's Xotural Uistory (London and New York, 1884) ; Vogt and Specht, Pic fHiiigethiere in ^yort und liild, the source of the wiilely copied illustrations by Specht in popular natural histories (ilunich, 1883) ; Giebel ■Saugethiere." in Bronn's Klas- sen und Ordnunyen des Thierreichs (Berlin, 1874) ; Huxley, Anatomy of Vertehrated Ani- mals (London, 1871); Gervais, Histoire natii- relle des mammiferes (Paris, 1854) ; De Bhiin- ville, Osteoyraphic des mammiferes, 4 royal quarto volumes, with magnificent plates ( Paris. 1839-G4) ; Cuvier and Saint Hilaire. Bistaire naturelle des mammifi-res (Paris, 1824). For North American mammals, consult, especially: Stone and Cram, American Animals (Xew York, 1902) ; Elliott, Synopsis of Mammals, wholly technical (Chicago, 1901); Baird, Mammals of Xorth America, vol. ix. of "Pacific Railroad Re- ports" (Washington, 18.59) : Audubon and Bach- man, Quadrupeds of Xorth America (Xew York, 1840-54): Godman, American Xatiiral Uistory (3d ed., Philadelphia. 1836) ; Richardson, Fauna Boreali Americana (London, 1829) ; Publications of Smithsonian Institution, Geological Survey, and Department of Agriculture, issued in Washington since 1875. For other countries, consult : Alston, "Mammalia." in fiiologia Centrali-Americana (London, 1879) : Hudson, The Xatiirali-st in Tm /Vofa I London, 1892) : Sclater. "M.Tmmals," vol. i.. Fauna of South Africa (London, 1900) ; Blanford, "Mammals." in Fauna of British India (I^mdon, 1888-91) ; and works cited under articles descrip- tive of the various mammalian groups and species. On fossil mammals, in addition to the well chosen list of works cited by Woodward in Out- lines of Vertebrate Paleontoloyy (Cambridge. England, 1898). the following will be found use- ful: Case. "Development and Geological Rela- tions of the Vertebrates," in Journal of Geology. vols. vi. and vii. (Chicago, 1898-99) ; various papers by Osborn and Matthew in the Bulletin ami Memoirs of the American Museum of Xatural History (New Y'ork) ; by Scott, in the Proceed- ings of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and the Proceedings of the Phila- delphia Academy of Xatural Sciences, and the publications by Cope and Marsh in the Reports MAMMITIS. See Breast; JIam- DlSEASES OF. The most important of of the Vnited States Geological Surveys of the Territories ( Washington) . MAMMAKY GLAND. M.S.L1.. MAMMARY GLAND, following are some of the the ali'eclions of this gland: Acute Inflammation of the breast (mastitis or mastodynia) is characterized by great swell- ing, tenderness, pain, and fever. There is a knotty feeling in the inllamed part, and pus soon forms: but the abscess is often slow in pointing. The alfection may occur at any period of lac- tation, and sometimes arises from very trilling causes — as loaded state of the bowels, too stimu- lating a diet, etc. The bowels should at once be cleared out by sharp purgatives ; fomentations should be applied; the arm on the aliivted side should rest in a sling; and an incisicm should be made to evacuate the pus. The milk should also be regularly drawn oil' by means of a pump, if it can be done without extreme pain. Sore nip]iles are a frequent cause of the pre- ceding disease. Among the remedies for excoria- tions, cracks, fissures, and ulcerati(jns of the ni])]ile which cause great paiii in suckling, are the application of strong astringent lotions (tan- nin lotion, for example), touching the sore point with solid nitrate of silver (lunar caustic), and esiiecially the application of collodion. In bad cases, a metallic shield must be placed on the nipple, to protect it from the clothes and from the child's mouth. The regular aii])lication of a liniment of rectified spirits and olive oil in equal parts will sometimes prevent this affection. The mammary gland is also liable to hydatid disease, to tumor, cyst, cancer, or galactoeele. See Hydatid; Tumor. MAMMEE APPLE (Haitian mamey, the native name), Manunea Americana. A higlily esteemed fruit of the 'est Indies ( where it is sometimes called the wild apricot) and tropical America, produced by a beautiful tree of th" natural order Guttiferse, 60 to 70 feet high. Tin- fruit is roundish, from the size of a hen's egg to that of a large orange, with a thick, leathery rind, and a very delicate inner rind adliering closely to the pulp, which must be carefully n moved on account of its bitter taste. The pul]) i- firm and briglit yellow, with a peculiarly sweet and very agreeable taste, and a pleasant aromatic odor. A similar fruit is produced by an African species, JIammea Africana (called Ochrocarpu- Africanu.s by some botanists). The wood of the inammce apple, which is fine-grained, is very valuable for cabinet-work, and, on account of its durability when exposed to moisture, is highly prized. A liquor is distilled from the flowers, which have been first steeped in spirits of wine. There are about a half dozen species of the genus Mainmca. all of them tropical. MAMMI'TIS (Xeo. Lat., from Lat. mamma. breast). Mastitis, Garget, or Inflammation OF THE Udder, The cattle disease ordinarily known as garget is common in well-nourished cows which are heavily fed at the time of calv- ing. It is especially frequent in heavy milkers. In such cows a slight congestion of the udder is normal at calving time. This physiological condition may be aggravated by exposure to cold air or by neglect to milk regularly for a day or two. The udder then becomes very hot