Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/890

MANGO. 7i»6 MANGON. stone nearly as long as the fruit. The shell of the seed is" rough and librmis; in some of the poorer varieties the libre.s are very abundant and apparently make up a eonsiderablc portion of the fruit." In the choicer kinds the pulp is more solid and rather free of fibres. This tree exists in nature in India, where it e.tends up the Hima- layas to elevations of ;i.>00 feet or more. It has been extensively introduced into other regions, so tliat now it is cultivated in nearly all tropical and subtropical countries. In India there ar' said to be more than 150 cultivated varieties, the fruit of some weighing a iiound or more. All parts of the tree liavc a turpentine fragrance, and in some varieties the llavor of turpentine in the fruit is very pronounced. Others are with- out it and are highly prized for desserts, being luscious, sweet, or with a slight acidity. The un- ripe fruits are used for pickles, sauces, etc., and MiNOO {Mangifera indica). the kernels are often roasted and eaten. They are nutritious and in times of scarcity are used as food by the poorer classes of India. The mango was introduced into .Jamaica in 17S2, and much attention is given its cultivation in that country. Its cultivation has been extended throughout the West Indies and to some extent in southern Florida and California. Eight-year- old trees in Florida have borne as many as .'iOOO ■fruits in a season. The trees are propagated either from .seed or by inarching of choice varie- ties upon vigorous seedling sto<k. Of the other species Maiiriifcra fcrtida. called the horse man- go, is a large tree native of Malacca and vicinity. The fruit, which has a peculiar characteristic odor and flavor, is highly esteemed by the natives, and is cultivated throughout India. Manqifc- ra oppositifniia, by some botanists called Boiila lurmanica. is a wide-spreading lofty tree which grows wild in Burma. It bears an edible yellow fruit about the size of a large jduni. There are numerous varieties, .some of which are sweet, others sour. Maiigifcra sylctilica also bears an edible fruit esteemed by the natives in India. It is often dried and kept for medicinal pur- jjoscs. The wood of the dill'erent species is gray, rather soft, and ised for building purposes. Canoes and boats are made of the timber of the conmion mango, and when well seasoned it makes good [lacking oases. MANGO -BIRD. A bird frequenting mango trees: (1) in Jamaica, a humming-bird {Lam- pornis mango) ; (2) in India, an oriole (Oriuhm kiDtdoo) . MANGO-FISH (so called because it makes its appearance in April, about the same time as the mangos). A small perch-like fish {Polyiioiiufi plchijiis) which abounds along the shores of Southeastern Asia, and in India enters baj-s and river-mouths at the season when the mango- fruits grow ripe. It represents a distinct but small group of tropical fishes { Rhegnopteri ) , of which several species are known under the fam- ily name 'threadfin.s,' or Polynemidie. The most prominent among many distinguishing characters of the group is the fact that the actinosts of the pectoral fins are of three forms, two of Iheiu normal, supporting the pectoral fin: one longi- tudinal, without rays: and the fourth a plate on the coracoid sujiporting free and separate rays, three to ten in number, according to the species. These free rays are filaments trailing from the throat, sometimes longer than the body, each under muscular control ; and they serve as feelers, for these fishes liot only creep about in muddy estuaries, but are nearly blind, owing to the normal growth of films over the e.yes. Several species occur in tropical Ameri- can waters. One {I'oh/ducti/lKS ^ irginiciif:) , the 'barbu' or 'barbudo' (q.v. ) of West Indian fish- ermen, is an important food-fish in Cuba, and vas called 'mango-fish' in the old books. Con- sult : Gunther. Introduction to the Htudu of Fishes (Edinburgh, 1880) ; Kirsch, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. v. (New York, 1890). MANGO GINGER. A tropical plant. See Curcuma. MANGOLDT, miin'golt, Hans Karl Emil vox (1824-68). A German economist, born in Dresden. He studied law and political science at Leipzig, Geneva, and Tubingen, and in 1848 was appointed to prepare a history of the indus- tries of Saxony, but was prevented by changes in the administration from carrying out the work. In 18.52 he became editor of the Weimar (layette, and in 185.5 he published his Lchrc rom Vntcrnrhmergeirinn, in which he was the first to analj'ze fully the phenomena of business profits. In 1858 he became extraordinaiy pro- fessor of political economy at Giittingen, and in 1802 was called to the chair of political and cameral science at the University of Freiburg. In 18fi.3 he published his Grundriss drr Vnlka- wirthxrluiflslchrc, a treatise of admirable clear- ness which ranks among the first contributions to the theory of German economics. MANGON, or MANGONEL. A niediteval iiuiileuient of warfare, similar to the ballista. used for throwing stones and other missiles. See Artillery.