MANKATO. 808 MANN. candy factories, flour aud knitting mills, brew- erics, foundries and niacliine shops, and liinc and cement works. Tbe government is administered, under a charter of 1891, by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Man- kato was settled in 1853 and was incorporated iirst In 1868. It was in the midst of the terri- tory afl"eeted by the Siou.x outbreak of 18G2-U3, being the scene of several massacres. In 18(i2 thirty-eight Indians convicted of murder were hanged here. Population, in 18'J0, 8838; in 1900, 10,599. MAN 'LEY, .ToHN (1733-03). -An American naval officer, born at Torquay, in England. He removed to Marbleliead, Mass., and at the out- break of the Revolution joined the naval forces of the colonies. Washington appointed him com- mander of the IMassachusetts State cruiser Ia'c, in which capacity he rendered efficient service dur- ing the siege "of Boston by intercepting British supplies. In 1770 he received from Congress a eonunission as captain of the new cruiser Han- cock, and soon after putting to sea captvired the British nuin-of-war Foj-. Not long aft<'rvards, however, while cruising in company with the Boston, he fell in with the two British men-of- war JiaiiihoH-- aud Yiclor. and, being deserted by his consort, was captured. Later he commanded two ])rivateers and the (government frigate Hague, in- which he was attacked by a superior British force, but managed to make his escape. MANIiEY, :Mary de la Riviere (c. 1G72- 1724). An English author, born about 1(572 in Jersey, or at sea between .Jersey and Guernsey. Having been betrayed about 1088 by her cousin, John Manley of Truro, she lived for a time with the Duchess of Cleveland, wrote plays and short novels, and succeeded Swift as editor of tlie Examiner (1711). She died at Barber's printing house on Lambeth Hill. July 11, 1724. Mrs.
- Manley emiiloyeil her talents mainly in depicting
the scandalous life of the times. Lcllcr.i Written by Mrs. Manley ( 1096) and the Secret History of Queen Zarah and the Zarazians (1705) were fol- lowed by the Acic Alahiiitis, of which two vol- umes appeared in 1709. With this famous work were afterwards incorporated Jlcmoirs of Europe (1710) and a further continuation. In 1720 ap- peared a series of short tales called The Power of Jjore, in Seren yoveh. Incidents in her own career Mrs. Manlev related in the Adventures of liivella (1714). MAN'LITJS. A Roman family, some of whose members |ilayed an important part in the history of the Republic. ( 1 ) JIakcus Manlius Capi- TOLi.N'US, who was consul in B.C. 392, and two years later gained his surname by rescuing the Capitol from the attacks of the Gauls. From this time forward he courted the favor of the lower classes, and in 381 was arraigned before the cen- turies and sentenced to be thrown from the Tarpeian Rock, The name of ISIarcus was never after borne by any of the Manlian pens, who con- sidered him a traitor to his family and class, (2) Licius Mam.ius Impebiosus. dictator B.C. 363. (3) TiTiTs INL^Ni.ius Imperiosus Tor<3UA- Tr.s, son of Lucius, militaiy tribune, twice dicta- tor (B.C. 353. 349). and three times consul. His surname was derived from his having despoiled a gigantic Gaul of a golden chain (torques) after having slain him in single combat. In his last consulship he waged a successful war against the Latins and caused to be put to death his own son, who had disobeyed his orders by engaging in sin- gle combat with the enemy. (4) TiTis Manlics ToRQUATUs was consul in B.C. 235 and in 224. In the latter year he defeated the Gauls and crossed the Po, and some years later was victo- rious over the Carthaginians. (5) Gneius Man- Lius VuLSO, consul B.C. 189. He was victorious over the Galatians in Asia Minor. MAN MILLINER, The. A nickname given to Henry HI. of France on account of his ef- femiiiaey and fondness for dress. MANN, Horace (1796-1859). An Auu-rican educational reformer and philanthropist. l)orn at Franklin, Mass., May 4, 1790. He was graduated at Brown L'niversity, 1819. Studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1823: in 1827 he was elected to the State Legislature of Ma.ssacliu- setts, and, si.x years later, to the State Senate, over which he was chosen to preside in 183(1. From the beginning of his legislative career he became a leader in philanthropic and reform movements of various kinds. In 1837 the State Legislature appointed a board of education to revise the school laws and to reorganize the common-school system of the State. Of this board Mr. Mann was made secretary, and for twelve years he devoted to this cause all his time, often against the most bitter opposition. Tliis was the great work of his life, for the movement begun under his leadership was not confined to Jlassachusetts, but affected the entire United States, and led to the development of the free public-school system as it exists to-day. These reforms were instituted through various instru- mentalities, chief among which were his annual licports, as secretary. The twelve volumes of these Rejyorts (1837-48) have become educational classics, and were reprinted in Europe as well as circulated throughout the United States. In addition to these he also founded and edited the Common School Journal, through wliioh he advo- cated his reform ideas. Finally, through a very great number of teachers' institutes and meet- ings to which he gave indefatigable attention, he inspired the teaching body to greater efTorts and with higher ideas. In the course of his reform efforts he visited the schools of Continental European countries and introduced, against a storm of opposition, many of the advanced ideas of school work, espe- cially those growing out of the Pestalozzian move- ment (q.v.). The immediate work • of Mann, however, which was of the greatest imiiortance, was the reorganization of the common-school system of Massachusetts. Since the dominance of the democratic sentiment during the latter half of the eighteenth century the unit of school organization had been the district in- stead of the town. In place of the district, Mann sought to restore the more centralized control of the town, which would give a broa<ler public support, a greater freedom from fac- tional quarrels, a better financial basis, a bet- ter prepared and better remunerated staff of teachers, and better equipment. Though the re- form was not accomplished until after Mann's withdrawal from the secretaryship, and in fact not finally settled until after a bitter conflict lasting a quarter of a century, yet his efforts developed the public sentiment that finally es- tablished the more centralized control of edu-
