Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/160

MARY STUART. 134 MARYSVILLE. the influence of her contidcntial adviser, David Rizzio, an Italian of great ability, but generally hated as a foreigner and a Konian Catholic, Uarnley conspired with the Protestant nobles to murder him and seize the govermnent. It was stipulated that Protestantism should remain the recognized religion. On March !), 1500, Kizzio was dragged from Mary's su|>perroom and assas- sinated. Mary dissembled her indignation at her husband's treachery, succeeded in lU'taching him from the conspirators, and persuaded him not only to escape with her from their jwwer by a mid- night flight to Dunbar, but also to issue a procla- mation in which he denied all complicity in their designs. Two of the chief conspirators, Huthven and Morton, lied to England, while ilurray and the Queen became reconciled. On June 1"J, 1566, Mary gave birth to a son (later James VI. of Scotland and James I. of England) ; but soon afterwards she quarreled more than ever with Darnley, and the latter thought of leaving the country. Meanwhile the (^ueen showed more and more favor to James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, a needy ami pmlligate noble. About January 9, 1567, Darnley fell ill. Mary brought him to Edinburgh, and he was lodged in a small man- sion. Here on February 0th the Queen visited him, but left him about 10 o'clock in the even- ing. Early the next morning the house in which Darnley slept was blown up, and his lifeless body was found in a neighboring garden. Bothwell was undoubtedly the murderer, and it is a matter of controversy whether or not JIary was privy to the deed. A mock trial was held, and Uothwell was acquitted. On April 10th he carried the Queen to Dunbar, probably with her full consent. He divorced his young wife, Catherine (Jordon, whom he had married little more than a year before, and on May 15, 1567 — only three months after her husband's murder — Mary became Both- well's wife. This last indiscretion of Mary arrayed all her nobles in arms against her. She was able to lead an army against them, but it melted away without striking a blow at Carberry Hill, June 15, 1567. She had to abandon Bothwell and sur- render herself to the confederated lords, who led her to Edinburgh, and from there to l.oehleven. At the latter place she was compelled on .luly 24, 1567, to sign an act of abdication in favor of her son. Escaping from her island prison May 2, 1568, Mary found herself in a few days at the hea'd of n small ■army, hut this was defeated on May 13th by the Regent Murray at Langsidc, near (Ilasgow. Four days afterwards, in spite of the entreaties of her best friends, Mary crossed the Solway. and threw herself on the protection of Queen Elizabeth, only to find herself a prisoner for life. Mary was first taken to Tarlisle. hut on July l.T, 1568. she was removed to Bolton. Elizabeth demanded that there should be an inquiry into Darnley's murder. Mar' seems to have held out at this time hopes of marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and there were several attempts to bring about a rising among the Catholics in England and Scotland in her favor. As a result Norfolk was ex<'cited. as being implicated, on Tower Hill. June 2. 1572. T'ndoubtediv ElizalH'th would have been glad to be rid of her danirerous prisoner, hut could not on ae- eount of her relations with Spain and France at the lime. Mary was moved from place to place. until in April, 1585, she was placed under the care of Sir Amyas Paulet, and here all oppor- tunity was given her to become entangled in the conspiracy of Antony Babington (q.v.) against Elizabeth. For this she was brought to trial, and though she denied all complicity, she was found guilty, and beheaded on February 8, 1587, at Folheringay Castle. She met her fate with great composure and dignity. Mary was reputed to be the most beautiful woman of her time, ller whole life was dra- matic, and hence it has never ceased to interest yoets and historians. She was a woman of great ability and varied accomplishments. Her ])rose writings have been collected by Prince Alexander Labanoir, in his Rcciicil des Icttrcs de Marie Stuart. Setting aside the twelve sonnets which she is said to have written to Bothwell, and which survive only in a French version of an English translation, no more than si.x pieces of her poetry are now known. They have no remark- able merit. The best is the poem of eleven stanzas on the death of her first husband, Francis II. The longest is a Meditation. All are in French, except one sonnet, which is in Italian. Innumerable books have been written about ilary Stuart. The dilVerent collections of Eng- lish State papers contain considerable material, as do also the French and Spanish collections. Consult: Froudc. History of Eitr/ldnd (London, 1881): Robertson, nis>tory of Scotland During the Rcigtis of Queen Mary and King Jiimcs VI. (2 vols., ib., 1750) ; Mignet, llifiloire de Marie Stuart (2 vols., Paris. 1851) ; Strickland. Life of Mar;/, Queen of Scots (2 vols., London, 187.3) ; Bresslau, "Die Kassettenbriefe dcr Kiinigin Maria Stuart," in Ili&torisclics Taaclirn- huch, 6th series, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1882) : Hender- son, The Cnakct Letters and Mary. Queen of Scots (Edinburgh, 1880): Bell, Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (2 vols., London. 1800) : Cowan. Mary, Queen of Scots, and Wlio Wrote the Casket Let- ters? (2 vols., ib.. mni) : Lang. The .Mystery of Mary Stuart (ib.. 1001). MARY SUMMER. The p.seudonym of the French author Marie Filon Foueaux (q.v.). MA'RYSVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Yuba County. Cal.. 52 miles north of Sacra- mento; at the junction of the Yviba and the Feather rivers: and on the Southern Pacific and the Northern California railroads (^lap: Cali- fornia, C 2). It is the seat of the College of Xotre Dame (Roman Catholic), and has a pub- lic library which occupies a fine building, a hand- some rourlhouse and eity hall: also three parks and two bridges. The eity is in an agricultural anil mining region, and is the centre of large grain, fruit, and live stock interests. There are tlour and woolen mills, fruit drying and canning works, and olive oil and cigar factories. The government, under a charter of 1876. is admin- istered by a mayor, elected biennially, and a uni- cameral coimeil. elected at large, though repre- senting the eitv wards. Population, in 1890, 3991 : in 1000, .3497. Jfar^-sville. built on the site of a trading post called New Mecklenburg, was founded in 1849 by Charles Covillaml. a Frenchman, and was called YubavlUe until 1.850, when it received its present name. Tn 1851 Marvsville was cliartercd as a eity: in 1852 it had 4.500 inhabitants, and in 1855 8000; and in 1860, when it began to de-