MUHLBACH. autlior, born in XeiibianJonbuif;. Her work, con- iistin^ mostly of historical novels, is sensational, inartistic, distorted. l)Ut it shows a talent for lively description and narration that f^ave lier a wide but shortlived popularity. I'rhdrich der (j'rossc xind sehi llof and many others of her novels have been translated into English. MUHLBERG, mi.il'berK. A town in the Prov- iinc of .Sa.ony, Prussia, on the Kibe, 35 miles northwest of Dresden (Map: Prussia. E 3). It is famous as the scene of a battle in l.i47, which resulted in the defeat of the Protestants under .John Krederick I., Elector of Saxony, by the Emperor Charles V., and the triumph of the Catholics in Germany. Population, in 1900, 34(;:!. MTJHLEISEN-ARNOLD, mi.il'iz.n iir'nold, John (1S17-81). An English elergjmau. mis- sionary, and author, born at Zell (Wiirttemberg) . He was educated in Germany, and after his re- moval to England was successively missionary of the Churcli Missionary Society in India and Abyssinia, cliaiilain to the Bisliop of (iibraltar, and chaplain to Saint Mary's Hospital, Padding- ton, London (1852-61). In 1850 he founded the Moslem Mission Society in England. lie was chaplain of East Ham, Essex, from 1801 to 1805, consular cha])lain at Batavia. .Java, from 18155 to 1871, and rector of Saint Mary's Church, Papendorf, Cape Town, South Africa, from 187(5 until his death. His publications include: Ishmacl : or, .1 Katunil History of Istrimism (185!)) : Enylish liihUcul Criticism, and the Au- thorship of the Pentateuch, from a German Point (if 'iew (2d ed. I8(!4| : and (Jenofis and Science, or. I'hr First I.earrs of the Bible (2d ed. 1875). MUHLENBERG, nu'i'len-berg. Fredekick At- ousTi's CoNRAii (17.50-1801). An American cler- gyman and politician, son of Heinrich Melchior Siuhlenberg. He was bom at Xew Providence (now Trappe), Montgomery County. Pa., studieil in (iermany at the Cniversity of Halle, and upon his return to .merica entered the Lutheran min- istry in Pennsylvania. In 1773 he became pastor of the Lutheran ('lunch in Xew York City. He was an ardent patriot, and in 1770 he quitted X'ew York and returned to his native State, at the same time abandiming the work of the Church for political activity. He was repeatedly elected to Congress. The first session of the House of Representatives in Washington's admin- istration chose him as Speaker. He was also made chairman of the Committee of the Whole in 171I5. and cast the deciding vote that saved the .lay Treaty. MUHLENBERG, Gotthii.I' llEiMiUii Ernst (17531815). .
American clergyman and bot-
anist, son of H. .I. .Muhlenberg, born at Trappe, Pa. He was educated at Halle and traveled in Gcrnniny and in England. He was ordained a Lutheran minister and Ix'came assistant pastor of a Lutheran church in Philailelphia. In 1770 he retired to the country, where he devoted him- self to the study of botany: and it is as a bot- anist that he is best known. His chief works are: Catatniiiis Plantanim .Anierieir Srplenfrin- nalis (1813) ; and Drscriptio Vhrrior firaminnm et Plantaruw f*(ilaniarianim AmiTica^ Sejitentri- onalis fndinnariim rl fin arum (1817). MUHLENBERG, HEixRini Melchior (1711- 87). The founder of American Lutheranism. He 90 MUHLENBERG. was born at Eimbeck, Prussia, September 6, 1711. His parents were Sa.xon. but having suf- fered greatly in the Thirty Years' War, removed to Eimbeck. The death of his father in his twelfth year threw the family into poverty and occasioned an interruption of his studies, and till his twenty-tirst year he toiled incessantly to assist in the support of the family. In 1735 he entered the L'niversity of Giittingen, where he re- mained three years, (iraduating at Giittingen, he went to Halle in 1738. where, besides studying, he taught in the orphan hovise. He associated intimately with Erancke. Cellarius, and Fabri- cius. Soon after his ordination application came to Germany from Pennsylvania for some one to be sent to labor among the destitute Lutherans of that colony. The faculty innncdiately selected .Muhlenberg, who was then in his thirty-first year. He accepted the appointment, and the better to qualify himself went to London, where he acquired facility in the use of English. He reached America in 1742, to the great joy of the German Christians. His arrival m;uked a new era in the history of the Lutheran Chuicli in the t'nited States, its condition gradually im- I)roved, and frequent ac<'essions were made to the ranks of the ministry of men educated at Halle an<l thoroughly devoted to their work. He took the pastoral care of the associated churches of Philadelphia, Xew Hanover, and Xew Provi- dence (MOW Trappe. some 25 miles northwest of Philadelphia) . which had united in calling a min- ist<'r, and these three congregations were the principal scenes of his ministerial labors. The first three years of his ministry he resided in Philadelphia, the next sixteen in Xew Providence. In 17(>1 he removed to Philadeljihia. but in 1770 went back to X'ew Providence. During the War of the Revolution his .sympathy with the colonists excited great opposition, and his life was often in i)eril. Consult his autobiogra]ihy to 1743 (in (ierman) edited bv Germ.uin I.Mtoona, 1881), and his Life bv .Mann (Philadelphia. 1887), and Frick (Philadelphia, 19021: also Osehsenford, Miihlenherfi C<iUeiic. a Quarter-Centennial .Me- morial 'olume (AUentown, 1892). MUHLENBERG, .Toiin Peteu Caeiriei, (1746- 1807). .A Lutlicran preacher and leader in the Hcviilutionary War. son of Heinrich Melchior Mulilinberg (q.v.). He was born at Trappe, Pa.. October 1. 1740, and sent to the University of Halle to l)e educated, but ran away, and pa.ssed a year as a private in the dragoons. Returning to .Xnierica, 1700, he studied for the Lutheran ministry: was called to Virginia. 1771 : to have a legal standing as a clergyman there, went to England. 1772, and was onlained by the Bishop of London: in same year was settled at Wood- stock. Va. Soon after the beginning of the Revo- lutionary War, he told his congregation that there wa-^ a time to preach and a time to fight, and at the close of the services he threw off his gown, showing himself in full uniform, and read from the pulpit his commission as ccdonel. He had the drunnners strike up for volunteers, and many of his congregation volunteered and joined his regiment, the Eighth Virginia, popularly known as the German regiment, afterwards noted for its coiirage and good discipline. In 1774 he was a member of the House of Burgesses, and served on the committee of safety, and two years later he sat in the State convention. He partici-
