Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/120

MTJIB. 92 MTTIiBERRY. Alchemical Essence and the Chemical Element (1894) ; The Story of the Wanderings of Atoms (1898); and The tilory of Alchemy (1902). MUIR, Sir William (1819—). An English Oririitalijt. lie was born at Glasgow, studied at the universities of Glasgow anil E<linl)urgli, and in 1837 entered the Bengal civil service, in which he rose to high distinction. He became eminent as an Orientalist, was from ISTli to 188.5 a member of the Council of India, and from 1885 to 1900 was principal of the University of Edin- burgh. His publications incliulc: Life of Ma- homet (1858-61) ; The Cm-an (1878) ; The Cali- phate (2d ed. 1893); and The Mohammedan Conli'orrrsif ( 1S97 ) . MTJIR-MACKENZIE, m«-ken'zi, :MoxTAr.tE (1847 — ). An English barrister and law writer. He was educated at the Charterliouse School and Brasenose, Oxford, and was a fellow of Hertford College. O.xford ( 1874-88 ) . In 1873 he was called to tile bar. and he was secretary to Lord Chief Justice Coleridge for the four following years. Later he became recorder of Deal (1892). and a bencher of the .Middle Temple (1894). His pulili- cations are upon technical sul>jccts. such as Hills of Ladinfi, Judicature Acts, Laws of Registration, and Bankruptcy Acts. MITKADDASI, moo'kii-da'sf. See Mokad- DA.SI. MUKDEN", mook-den'. or MOUKDEN. The capital of -Manchuria and of the Province of Shing-king. situated in- a fertile region near the Hiin-ho, 110 miles northeast of Niu-chwang. its port (Map: China, F 3). It is surrounded by a Ijrick wall and is divided into nine jiarts. of which the central contains the Imperial palace, the examination hall, and other administration buildings. The city is regularly and s(didly built, but is of little architectural interest. It is the seat of a considerable industry, and will proli- ably greatly increase in commercial importance with the completion of the I'ort Arthur Harbin branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway, on which it will be a station. Mukden trades chielly in agricultural products and fur, and is the scat of the administration of Manchuria. In the vicinit}' of the city are the tombs of the ances- tors of the present reigning family of China. The population is estimated at 2,50.000. The city sulTcred greatly during the Bo.xer uprising of 1900. MUKHTAR PASHA, mnrik'far pashii'. Aii- MKI) (1H32— ). A Turkish gi'iicral and admin- istrator, born at Brusa. in Asia Minor. He was educated at the Constantinople military school, was rai>i(lly jiromoted, and became successively professor and governor of the school. He served in the Crimean War, as a stalF ofTieer in the Montenegrin campaign of 18()2, and in 1870-71 in campaigns against the Arabs of Yemen, in which be gained the titles of pasha and nuirshal. He was made connnander of the Sccoml .rmy Corps (1873), and in 1873, at the breaking out of the troubles in Bosnia and Herzegovina, assumed cnmmanil of the Turkish forces there. After his defeat at the Duja Pass in the Montenegrin campaign of 187ti. .Mukhtar was sent to Krzerum, to take charge of the operations against Hussia on the outbreak of war with that coimtry in 1877. On April 29th lie was defeated and driven into Ivars; but, in a number of .severely contested battles during the following months, his troops displayed great courage, and regained the posi- tion, defeating the Russians severely near Erze- runi on .June 25th, and com])elling them in .Tuly to raise the siege of Kars. On October 14-15th at Aladja Dagh, the Russians gained an important victory over Mukhtar, driving him back to Kars, and soon afterwards to Erzerum. In No- vember Kars was stormed by the Russians, and before the end of the year >Iukhtar was recalled. He put down the Cretan insurrection in 1878 and was put in command on the Greek frontier in 1879. In 1885 he was appointed Turkish High Commissioner in Egj-pt. MtTLA, inoo'la. A town of Southeastern Spain, in the Province of Murcia, situated on a branch of the Segura, 18 miles west of the city of JIureia (ilap: Sjiain, E 3). The place is im- important, but has some reputation on account of the warm sulphurous baths known as Bafios de !Mula. some three miles east. Population, in 1900, 12.733. MULAT'TO. See ilixED Races. MULBERRY (OHG. mOrbcri, mtlrheri, Ger. MauUiccrc, mulberry, from T.at. morum. Ok. ^ui- poe, moron, /iSpov, moron, mulberry + berry. AS. bcri, bcriye, OHG. beri, Ger. Beere, Goth, biisi, berry), Morus. A genus of trees of the natural order UrticaeeiP, natives of temperate and warm climates, with deciduous leaves, unisexual llowers in short, thick spikes, a four-parted perianth, containing either four stamens or one pistil with two styles, the perianth of the female ilowers becoming succulent and closing over the small pericarp to form with otlicr flowers of the spike an aggregate fruit. Tlicrc liave been about 100 species described, btit much confusion exists among them, and some authors have rediccd them to ten or even less. The common muUierry, or black mulberry (Morus nir/ra), a long-lived native of the middle parts of Asia introduced into cultivation in Europe more than a thousand years ago. and now almost naturalized there, is a low, much branched tree, with thick, rough bark and broad, unequally serrated and very rough heart-shaped leaves. It is not lianly in the United States as far north as New York, and is seldom seen except in the South and in Cali- fornia, where some of the improved varieties are grown. The fruit, which is purplish-black, with dark-red juice, fine aromatic llavor. and subacid sweet taste, is often procured in prodigious quan- tities and is much esteemed for dessert, for pre- serving, and for wine-making. The wood is em- ployed in cabinet-work, but is not of mucli value. The leaves are sometimes used for feeding silk- worms. It is propagated by seed, suckers, layers, or cuttings, and succeeds best in a rich light soil. The white mulberry (Morus alba) has been planted in Southern Europe since 1540, in liuiiiv and China, where it is native, from time im- memorial for its leaves, which are the best food for silk-worms. In North America it has been extensively planted and in places exists in a half wild state as trees a foot or nuue in diameter. (See KiiMiicK. William.) The fruit is almost white, and much less palatable than that of the former, although there is great dif- ference among the many varieties. The best variety for feeding silk- worms, on -account of its rapid growth and abundant leaves, is that called the Philippine mulberry. A variety, tatarica.