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MTTNK. 129 MUNNICH. winter on Cliesteifield Inlet. Cold, famine, and srurvy dcstioyud so many of his men that V. hen he regained the coast of Nurwa}' in Sep- tember, 1020, only two persons besides himself survived. He sailed on a second voyage in 1021, and upon his return in 1023 reported that he had readied 7.5" north latitude, and had seen an open sea beyond. An account of his tirst voyage was published at Copenhagen in 1023, under title of Kl'tcrrctuing uf imriyaiinonen og reiscn id den Nye Danmark af HI yrmand Hans Munk. MXJNK, Hebjiaxn (1S39— ). A German neurologist. He was born at Posen. studied at Berlin and Gijttingen, and in 1802 became do- cent in the former luiiversity. Seven years afterwards he was promoted to assistant pro- fessor of physiology*, and in 1870 he was placed at the head of the physiological la- boratory in the veterinary college. In 1897 he became full professor in the miiversity. Besides studies on the productive methods of thread- worms. JIunk wrote on the physiologA' of the nerves and especially on the brain: Uiitcrsiichun- gen iiber das Wesen der 'Scrrcnerregung (1808) and I'rber die Fiiuktimien der Grosshirnrinde (2d ed. 1890). MUNK, Salomon (1803-07). A French Ori- entalist. He was born in Glogau, Silesia, of .lewish [larents, studied at Berlin, Bonn, and Paris, and in 1S40 was made custodian uf Ori- ental manuscripts in the Paris Xational Library. He accompanied Montefiore and Cremieux to Egyjjt. bringing back many valuable manuscripts. Although he had become blind, he was in 1805 apjiointed professor of Hebrew, Chaldee, and Sy- riac in the Coll&ge de France. He was a mem- ber of the Academic des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres, and published an edition (with French translation) the Guide of the Perplexed (1S56- (jii) by Moses ben Mainiou (see .Iaimonides) . His furtlier works inchule Palestine (1845) and Philosophy Among the Jews (1848). MTTNKACS, mnn'kach. A town of Hungary, situated on the River Latorcza, about 70 miles east-southeast of Kaschau (Map: Hungary. H 2). It has manufactures of coarse cloth. In the vicinity are mined alum, iron, and crystals. The fortress of ilunkacs, situated on a rock near the 1'ivn and used as a prison, is noted for its many -ieges. especialh' for its defense against the Aus- trians. to whom it surrendered in 1088 after a siege of three years, the garrison having been connnanded bv Helen Zrinyi, the wife of the patriot leader Tiikolyi. Population, 1900. 14,416. MXJNKACSY, mnn'ka-chf.. :Miciiael (1844- 1900). An llun.sarian historical and genre paint- er, whose real name was Jlichael Licb. lie was born at MunkScs. February 20. 1844, the son of a petty official, lieeanie an orphan at an early age, and in 1855 was apprenticed to a joiner. After several years of liard work and privation, chance threw him in tlw wa.v of the portrait-painter Szamos.sy at Gyula, who aided and befriended him. as did also the landscape painter Ligeti. at Budapest, whither iliud<;1esy had gone in 1803. A small grant from the art society there enabled bim to study for a year (1.805) at the .cademy in Vienna, after which he proceeded to Munich, nhere he studied under .Alexander Watnier. and found a special protector in Franz Adam, the battle painter. In 1868 he went to Dijsseldorf to work under Knaus. Two years later his first im- portant picture, •The Last Day of a Condenuied Man" (in the collection of Mrs. V. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia), took Paris by storm, bringing him the gold medal. His future was forthwith as- sured, and in 1872 he took up his residence in Paris, where for several years he continued to depict ejjisodes from the popular life of his na- tive country with impressive truthfulness and a sombre, blackish coloring. In 1870 he entered upon a new field, painting a .series of charming Paris interiors, in which he adopted a richer coloring, but his most important production of this period was "JNlilton Dictating Paradise Lost" (1877, Lenox Library, New York). It was not, however, until ISSl that he reached his own ideal with the completion of the now world-famous "Christ Before Pilate" (.lohn Wanamaker, Phila- delphia), which has become one of the most wide- ly discussed pictures of recent times. It was •exhibited all over Europe and in the L'nited States in 1886, on which occasion Munkacsy visit- ed Xew York. In 1884 he painted his second biblical subject, "Christ on Calvary," like its predecessor replete with dramatic life, treated in the light of history with ethnographic reality and supreme coloristic vigor. It also was brought to America in 1887, and the artist's next impor- tant work, '"The Last Moments of Mozart" (1886), a touching representation of the dying composer rehearsing his famous Re<iuiem, found its way into the collection of Gen. Russell A. Alger, Detroit, Mich. His subsequent creations were of a decorative character, and comprise the "Apotheosis of the Fine Arts," for the Art-His- torical Museum in Vienna, and "Arpad Taking Possession of Hungary" ( 1890) , for the new House of Parliament in Budapest. The strain and dis- appointments connected with this work brought on a mental disease, and the artist passed the last three years of his life in the sanitarium at Endenich, near Bonn, where he died. Jtay 1. 1900. Many of the prominent public and private collec- tions of the United States contain examples of his paintings. Consult: Tahi, in Die Kuns<t fiir Alle, XV. (Munich, 1900). MTJNN, Or-son Desaix ( 1824— ) . An Ameri- can journalist and lawyer, born in Hampden Coiuitv. ilass. He was educated at the Jlon- son Academy. In 1846, in conjunction with Al- fred E. Beach, he bought the Heientific Ameri- can, which had been founded six months be- fore. In 1876 he began to issue the Seirntifio. American Siipplentent, and in 1885 he established a monthly Arehifeets' and Builders' Edition. MUNNICH, mii'niK. BiRKHARn Ciiristoph, Count (108:3 1707). A Russian general and statesman, born at Neuenhuntorf in Oldenburg, Germany. In the War of the Spanisli Succes-iion, he served as captain of Hessian troops. He be- came a colonel in the Polisli army in 1716. en- tered the Russian service in 1721. and six years afterwai-(!s became general. He was created com- mander-in-chief of the Russian army by Peter II. in 1727, and in 1732 was made field marshal and president of the War Coimcil. He played a dis- tinguished part in the war with Turkey, overran tlie Crimea in 1730. and advancing beyond the Dniester, made himself master of Moldavia. .After the death of the Empress Anna Ivanovna in 1740. he opposed the i)arty of Biron, the Re- gent, whom he overthrew. The regency was con-