Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/165

MUNTZ. 133 MTJONGS. Alsace, studied under Boussingault in Paris, and, after acting as liis assistant for ten years, succeeded him as director of tlie clieniical lalioratories in the Institut National Agrono- iiiique. Mtiutz made special rcsetirch on the feeding of cattle and horses, and, following iioussingault's method, tested his theories by ])ractice on great herds, on Parisian cab horses, and. in the case of his contributions to vinicul- ture, in various vineyards. He founded a Biblio- th&que de I'Enseignement Agricole, published the results of his i'X]ieriments in the Aiinah's of the Agricultural Institute, and other chemical and agricultural journals, and wrote: liccherches siir I'alimcntalion dcs chcniux, with Girard (1884) ; Les engrais, with the same (1888-01) ; and Lcs lignes (1895). MUNTZ, EuGftNE (1845-1902). A French art critic, born at Sulz, Alsace. He took Taine's place as professor of the history of art at the Ecole Xationale des Beaux-Arts, where he lec- tured from 1885 to 1893. He made a specialty of Italian art, and the following works are of unique value: Notes sur les mosaiques de I'Halie (1874-92) ; Les arts d la cour des papes pendant le XVdme et le XVIime siecle (1878-98) ; Les precurscnrs de la Renaissance (1881); Uistoire de la Idjiisserie (1882) ; Etudes sur I'histoire de la pcinture rt de I'iconographie ehretiennes (1882); and Uistoire del'art pendant la Renais- sance, vol. i., Italic: les primitifs (1888) ; vol. ii., Italic: I'uge d'or (1892) ; vol. iii., Italie: la fin de la Renaissance (1895); Leonard de Vinci, I'artiste, le pcnseur, le savant (1899). MiJNZEB, mun'tser, Thomas (e.1489-1525). A religious enthusiast of the German Reforma- tion, born at Stolberg, in the Harz Mountains. He acquired a good knowledge of theologv. taught at Aschersleben and Halle, became in 1519 chap- lain of a nunnery at Beutwitz, and in the following year received a call as preacher to Zwi<'kau. There he gained great popularity by his attacks on the monastic and mendicant Or- ders. In 1521 he was compelled to leave the town, and went to Bohemia, where his preaching, however, met with little sympathj'. In 152.3 he became pastor at AUstedt, in Thuringia, married a nun who had alijured her vows, and carried on his pastoral work in full sympathy with the ad- vanced representatives of the Reformation. He was an ardent champion of German nationality, and was the first to substitute Gennan for Latin in the liturg> He stood in close touch with t arlstadt and shared the latter's iconodas- lic ideas. In time he developed a fanatic mysticism whose chief tenet was the validity of inner revelation, cind he attacked as 'new' pa- pists' those reformers who set U]i the Gospel above personal justification. His ideas partook also of a political and social nature ; he preached the speedy coming of God's kingdom on earth, and sought to organize the peasants and the .artisans of the towns into secret associations looking, it is asserted, to the destruction of all authority and the establishment of comnuinal property. In August. 1.524. he was expelled from Allstedt and betook himself to IIiihHiau- sen. where he joined forces with Heinrich Pfeifer. a renegade monk, who had succeeded in gaining great influence over the lower classes. Together they were driven from the city in September, and Wiinzer wandered through Southern Germanv and Switzerland, forming close relations with the Analjaptist leaders and hastening in no small degree the peasant uprising in those regions. He reiiirned to iliihlhausen in December, and with Pfeifer, who had likewise reentered the city, as- sumed leadership of the discontented masses. The old council was overthrown, and a new coun- cil was installed under the control of Miinzer. -liililhau.sen speedily became the centre of a violent agitation. The opposition of the nobks was ineft'ectual ; but at Frankenhausen, on May 15. 1525, Miinzer's peasant mob was almost an- nihilated by the force of Philip of Hesse, the Elector of Saxony, and the Duke of Brunswick. (.See Pe.sant War.) Miiuzer escaped from the Ijattlefield, but was captured at Franken- hausen and taken to the Castle of Heldrungen, where he was put to the torture. On May 25th he was decapitated at Jliihlhausen,' together with Pfeifer and twenty-four other leaders of the jieasants. Fanatic though he undoubtedly was, there is nothing to disprove Miinzer's warm love for the common people, whose cause he upheld against Luther, accusing the latter of fawning on the German princes while seeking to ap- pease the peasants with empty woids about the responsibility of rulers to God. Consult : Strobel, Leben, fieliriften und Lehren Thomas Miinzers (Xureniberg and Altdorf. 1795); Seidemann, Thomas Miiu-er (Dresden and Leipzig. 1842). MUNZINGER, mun'tslng-er, Werner (1832- 75). A Swiss traveler and linguist. He was born at Olten, was educated at Bern. Munich, and Paris, and in 1S53 joined a mercantile estab- lishment at Alexandria, Egypt. He was attached to the expedition of Von Heuglin in ISfil, but quitted it when it reached North Abyssinia, and in com- pany with Kinzelbach ex])lored an unknown ter- ritory. In 1802 he was placed at the head of the German exploring expedition, succeeding Heug- lin, but was unable to ])enetrate farther than Kordofan. In 1864 he was appointed British consul at Massowah and in the Anglo- Abyssinian War acted as a guide to the Englisli forces, after whose withdrawal he remained at Massowah as consul in the French service. In 1870 he made a journey to Southeast Arabia, and was ap- pointed by the Khedive Governor of Massowah. In 1872 he was made Pasha and Governor-Gen- eral of the Eastern Sudan, anil in 1875 was mor- tally wounded while leading an expedition against Abyssinia. He |niblished: Xitlen nnd Recht der Bogos I1S59); Oslafrilfniischc ^tudicn (1864); Vorahulaire de la langue Tigr6 (1865). MUONGS, miio'ongz. A people who. together with tlie Thos. also dwelling in Northeastern Tongking and Annam and the adjoining parts of China, constitute, in the opinion of some leading anthropologists, one of the four chief groups of the Thai stock, of which the Siamese are the best-known members. The Farther Indian Muongs inhabit the basin of the Black River, and the Thos that of the Claire, while the great mass of the primitive poinilation of the Chinese provijices of Kwang-si. Southern Kweichow, Northwestern Kwang-tung. Eastern Yunnan, and perhaps also the Le of the island of Hainan, be- long in this group of primitive Thai peoples. The Pueun and Pu-thai of Annamese Laos close- ly resemble in physical characteristics and lan- guage the Muongs of Tongking. A number of the Thos-Muongs tribes have methods of writing of their own resembling those of the Laotians, and