Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/196

MUSEUM. 160 MUSHROOM. «  development of electrical apparatus, while tlie latter is rich in objects sliowiiig the growth of methods of transportation hy rail. The Army Medical Museum, W asliington. while devoted to the subject of the structure of man, the eH'ects of injuries and diseases, and their treatment, is a technological museum in .so far as it traces the development of surgical appliances. Commercial museums are devoted to advancing the interests of trade. They e.hil)it raw materials and finished products, illustrations of metliods of packing and modes of distribution, and gather and fur- nish information as to prices and diaracter of goods needed in and furnished by dilferent coun- tries. Laboratories for the analysis of various substances and the testing of materials form part of the equipmi'iit of such an institution. The Musee de Mille, Chent, is one of the oldest Euro- pean conunercial nniseums. Tlie Connnercial jluseum, Philadelphia, is the sole institution of its kind in the L'nited States. lUuLiO(;K.riiv. For general information re- garding museums, consult: Miiller, Hamlbiich dcr Archiiologic der Kunst (Breslau, 1S48) : Biardot, J-es musves d'Europe (Paris, 1800); Stark, Hamlhuch der Arcluiologie der Kunst (Leipzig, 1880); Greenwood, Muxrums and Art Galleries (London, 1888) ; Flower, Kssdi/n on Museums (London, 1808); for special types of museums, Le muD^e pedapopique, son orif/inr, son orffdnisation, son ohjet (Paris, 1884); Worsaa, De I'organisation des niusi^es historio-areheolo- fliques. trans. (Copenhagen, 1885) ; Blanche!, Rapport sur les must'es et les eeoles d'art Indus- trirls) dans les diffi'rents po.i/s d'Europe (Paris, 188.T-flO) ; Tounelles. Les musses commereinuj' d I'etrantier (ib., 1888): Monroe, "Educational Museums and Libraries of Europe," in Kduea- tional lieriew (New York. 1800) : Holmes. "Classification and .Xrrangenient of the Exhibits of an Anthropological Museum." in Srirner. vol. xvi. (ib., 1002). For the museums of France, consult: Clf-ment de Ris, Les musi^es en pro- vince (2d ed., Paris, 1871); Chanipier. L'an- nfe arlistique (ib., 1882) ; Carr, Art in Provincial France (London, 1883) ; GuOdy, Mu- si'e de France et colleelinns parliculi^res (Paris, 1888); Babeau, Le Lourre et son hisloire (ib., 1805) : for Oermany, .ustria, and Switzer- land, Springer, Kunslhandbuch fiir neutschland, Oesterrcich und die f<cluceiz (Berlin. 1880) ; Blanchet. Rapport sur les musfes d'Allemaanc et d'Aulriche (Paris, 180,3); Handbuch der Kunstpfleqe in Oesterrcich (2d ed., Vienna, 1803) ; for England and .merica, f^dwnrds, JAres of the Founders of the Ilritish Museum (London, 1870) ; Cowtnn, Memoirs of the lirilish Museum (ib., 1871); "A Memorial of George Brown Goode," in Report of Failed Slates yational Museum for IS<I7, part ii. (Washington. 1001) ; Jleyer (editor), I'eber Museen drs Ostens dcr Vereinifilen Slaalen von ord-Amerika (Berlin, 1000-01); I'roeeeilintis of I he Museum Associa- tion -if II rial Itrilain (London, 1800 et seq. ). MUSEUM PEST. Any one of several species of in>nl~ whiili feed up<m the prepared and niiiinted skins of birds, mammals, reptiles, and upon <lried colle<'tions of insects and other ani- mals preserved in nniseiuns. Perhaps the nmst nbiuidant and injurious of the museum pests are the lieetles of the family IVrmestidir. (See Der- MESTID Beetles; see also Bacox Beetle and Cahpet Beetle.) Others of these insects are the larv« of small moths of the tineine series. .Some of the common clothes moths (q.v.) are nuiscum pests which, possil>ly originally feeding upon skins, have come to feed u|)on f;ibrics made from animal substances, such as u'chiI or hair. One of the most injurious of this group, is Tinea jiillionella, which is one of the case-making clothes moths. Other substances stored or dis- played in museums are attacked by other insects: the larva of a little geometrid moth, known as i'arphoxira ptelearia, feeds on dried plants stored in herbaria; and the allied Aeidalia herbariata, as its name indicates, has long been known to injure herbarium specimens in Europe, but is on the whole more injurious in herbalists' shops than in nuiseums. Some of the dermcstid beetles will even injure the horns of large mammals, and the bones as well, provided they are not thor- oughly poisoned. A museum I'oom once thor- oughly infested with these creatures can be most re;idily freed from them by fumigation with bi^ul|iliide of carbon or hydrocyanic acid gas. MUSH, moosh. The capital of a Sanjak in the Vilayet of Bitlis, Asiatic Turkey, on the eastern branch of the Euphrates, 80 miles south of Erzerum (Map: Turkey in Asia, J 3). It oc- cu])ies an elevation at the entrance to a mountain ravine on the south side of a fertile wheat, vine, and tobacco growing plain. The town is noted for its uneleanliness and has few good houses. It is the see of Roman Catholic and (jregoiian bishops, and has an American mission with I'rotestant schools. There is an active trade in the agri- cultural products of the district, and embroidered caps are manufactured. It has historical remi- niscences of Xcnophon and of ^Moses of Khorene, the historian. In the vicinity at Sasun occurred a terrible massacre of Armenians by the Turks in 1804. Population, about 27,000, one-half being -Vrmenian Christians. MUSHROOM (OF. mouschcrony mouseron, fniin OF,, I'"r. mousse, moss, connected with AS. niros, (lIKi. mios, mos, (ier. ..l/iV.>!, Moos, OChurch Slav, miichi'i, Lat. museus. moss). The popular name of edible fungi of the order ITymenomy- ce(;icea', especially species of .garicus and ^lor- ehella. The name toadstool is generally applied to species which h;ive an umbrella-sha))ed cap. The common idea that all such are poisonous is erroneous, because some of the most highly prized species have this habit of growth, and ])erhaps most of the others are not injurious. The nnishroom as it is generally seen is only the fruiting body of (be fungus, which arises from a more or less matted mvi-elium. or 'spawn.' The mycelium or veget;itive ]i:irt consists nf numerous slender white threads running in every direction Ihnnigh the soil. Ipon these threads small knots develop, increase in size, and finally appear as the ball-like or button-like yoimg muslirooms, which consist of a stalk, terminated by a cap or pileus, bearing upon its underside luimerous thin spore-bearing plates or gills radiating from the centre or attachment of the stalk. Near the top of the stalk is a more or less perfect ring (annulus), the remnant of the delicati' veil ( in- dusium) that covered the gills during the button stage, but ruptured as the iiuishroom grew. The common nuishroom (.Iflorici/.s campestris) , one of more than 1000 species of the genus Agarieus, is common in fields and pastures.