NAPHTALI. 231 NAPIER. tali, but it is douljlful wlu'llier the addition 'Naplitali' is correct here, though both the chius Naphtali and Zebulon were involved in the strug- gle against the King of Hazor. (8ee Debokah.) Acc(nding to Josephus ( II firs, iii. 3, 2) the Xaphtaliles were men of valor. Their dangerous position as a border tribe made them among the lirst to fall into the hands of Assyria (B.C. 734; cf. II. Kings xv. 29). In the religious de- velopment of Israel the tribe plays no part, but in the post-exile period Tiberias (q.v.), on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, comes into prominence, and after the destruction of Jerusa- lem it became one of the centres of Jewish learning. NAPHTHA (Lat., from Median Pers. vi^ida, Av. napUi, Pers. nap, moist; connected with l^at. Kciiluiiiis, ycptiine, name of the .sea-god). A term originally applied to an intlamniable liquid which exudes from the soil in certain parts of Persia. Subsequently the use of the term spread to include some of the more volatile oils found in Europe and even in America. The product of the oil fields of Southern Russia is usually called naphtha, although it differs in no way from the ordinary grades of petroleum. Naphtha prop- erly includes the lighter oils which pass ofl' first in the distillation of petroleum, the gravities ranging from 90 to 02 degrees iieaume. Penn- sylvania crude oil contains from 8 to 20 per cent, of naphtha. In the refining of such naphtha several products are obtained by frac- tional distillation, those which pass oflf first, namel.y rhigolene and cymogene, are gases at ordinary temperatures and are seldom saved. The next product is known as gasoline, a ma- terial largely used in machines and for illumi- nating purposes. After this come stove naphtha and gas naphtha, the latter being the base of much of the illuminating gas now made. Pe- troleum naphtha is often treated with chemicals to deodorize it. Naphtha may also be obtained in the distillation of wood and coal tar. See Petboleuii. NAPH'THALENE ( from miph tha + aJcohol ) , C'loHs. A crystalline solid chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen, found abundantly in coal- tar (q.v.). The crystalline mass obtained from this source is pressed, warmed with a little strong sulphuric acid, and then distilled in a current of steam or subjected to a process of sublimation. When thus obtained in the pure .state, naphtha- lene melts at 80° f. {176° F.), and boils at 218° C. (424° F.). It has a peculiar character- istic odor, is insoluble in water, but freely solu- ble in ether and in hot alcohol. It is largely used in the manufacture of coloring substances and to some extent also as an enricher for ordinary il- luminating gas. The molecule of naphthalene is composed of two rings of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms attached to them, and its con- stitution is represented by either of the follow- ing graphic formulas: H HC*** "^C^ "^CH I H C CH HC^Qc:^|^CH H H H H
number of interesting derivatives of this
hydrocarbon are obtained bv the action on naphthalene of chlorine, nitric acid, etc. The most important derivatives commercially arc the so-called sulphonic acids. By acting on naiJhtha- lene with an excess of sulphuric acid, we obtain naphthalene-sulphonic acid, CioHjSOjU -{- il^O, from which, by substitution processes, a large number of compounds are produced, many of these finding employment in the color and dye industrj-. NAPIER, na'pi-6r. The capital and chief port of Ilawke's Bay County and Provincial Dis- trict, North Island, New Zealand, on the east coast (Map: New Zealand, F 3). Wool is the chief export; there are also large exports of timber, canned and frozen meats. The principal public buildings comprise an Anglican cathedral, town hall, and athenieuni. It has railwaj' com- munication with Wellington and New Plymouth. Population, in 1901, 9015. NAPIER, nap'yer or na-per', Sir Ciiaklks (178G-18G0). A British admiral. His father was the Hon. Capt. Charles Napier, R. N., second son of Francis, fifth Lord Napier. lie was born at the family seat. Jlerchiston Hall, Stirling, Scot- land. At thirteen he went to sea as a naval volunteer. In 1808 be received the command of the Recruit, 18 guns, serving in the West Indies. He became a post-captain, but being thrown out of active service, volunteered in the Peninsular Army, and was wounded at Busaco. In 1814 he was ordered to America, and took an active part in the operations against Baltimore. In 1829 he received the command of the (lalatea, a 42-gun frigate, and was employed 'on particular service' on the coast of Portugal. He accepted the com- mand of the fleet of Dom Pedro, the father of the young Queen, Maria da Gloria, in the struggle against her uncle, Dom Miguel, and by defeating the Miguelite fleet, hastened the downfall of the usurper. He was made admiral-in-ehief of the Portuguese navy, but soon returned to Eng- land. In the war between the Porte and Jle- hemet Ali, he organized a land force, with which he stormed Sidon, and defeated Ibrahim Pasha among the heights of Jlount Lebanon. He took part in the naval attack on Acre. He next blockaded Alexandria, and concluded a conven- tion with Mehemet Ali. For these services he was knighted, and in 1847 he received the command of the Channel Fleet. When the Russian War broke out, he was sent out to command the Baltic fleet, but had to content himself with a prudent and successful blockade of the strongly fortified ports, which somewhat disappointed public expectations of more daring achievements. He twice sat in Parliament, and, until his death, labored with success to reform the British naval administration. He was a man of great personal courage and decision of character, but selfish, vainglorious, and arrogant. These traits are strongly marked in his works: The War in Portugal (1836) ; The War in Syria (1842) ; The Karii: Its Past and Present State (1851). Partiality marks the biography by his stepson Gen. Elers Napier, The Life and Cnrre- spoiidcnce of Admiral Sir Charles Napier (Lon- don. 1862). NAPIER, Sir Charles JAsrE.s (1782-18.53). A celebrated British general, son of Col. George Napier. He was born at Whitehall, August 10, 1782. and in his twelfth year received a commis- sion in the Thirty-third Infantry. His first mili-
