NAPOLEON I. 243 NAPOLEON III. deatli of two of his sisters, was slowly uiuler- miiiing his health, and on May 5, 1821, he breathed his last at the set of sun. He was buried with military honors upon the island, but in accord with his own request, his remains were in 1S40 taken I'rom the island, attended by the faithful Bertrand, and under the direction of Louis Philippe placed in a magnificent sar- cophagus beneath the Dome of the Hotel des In- valides in Paris. John Holland Rose has perhaps given the most correct summary of the qualities which made Na- poleon great : "He was superlatively great in all that pertains to government, the quickening of human energies, and the art of war. His great- ness lies, not only in the abiding importance of his best undertakings, but still more in the Titanic force that he threw into the inception and accomplishment of all of tliem — a force which invests the storm-blasted monoliths strewn along the latter portion of his career with a majesty unapproachable by a tamer race of toilers. After all, the verdict of mankind awards the highest distinction, not to prudent mediocrity that shuns the chance of failure and leaves no lasting mark liehind, but to the eager soul that grandly dares, mightily achieves, and holds the hearts of mil- lions even amidst his ruin and theirs. Such a wonder-worker was Xapoleon. The man who bridled the Revolution and remolded the life of France, who laid broad and deep the founda- tions of a new life in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, who rolled the West in on the East in the greatest movement known since the Cru- sades, and finally drew the yearning thoughts of myriads to that solitary rock in the South At- lantic, must ever stand in the very forefront of the immortals of human story." UiBLioGR.'iPnY. An excellent Life in English is Rose. Life of <ipolcoi> I. (New York. 1901 ) . Of the numerous other works on the life and times of Napoleon, the more important are: Bignon, Eis- toire de France sous Xapoleon (14 vols.. Paris, 1S29-50) : Thibaudeau. Le Consulat et VEmpire (10 vols., ib., 1834-3.5) ; Thiers. "Histoire de la Hevoliitioii francaise (10 vols., ib., 1823-27);
- Bist(iire du Consulat ef de I'Empire (21 vols.,
ib., 1845-61) : Lanfrey, *Histoire de Sapoleon (.5 vols., ib., ISdO-T.T). which ends at 1811: Four- nier, ^Xapoleon /.. einc Bioiiraphietheipzig, 188C- 89). For the early life of Bonaparte: Iting, Bonaparte et son temps (Paris, 1880-81), and C'huquet, La jenncsse de yapoleon (ib., 1897-99), are the most important. For the personal life of Napoleon, LCn'y, yapolion intime (Paris, 1892); Jlasson. *yapoleon et les femmes (ib., 1893): Xapoleon et sa fumille (6 vols., ib., 1897-1903) : XapoUon ehez lui (ib.. 1893) : and Xapoleon inconnu (ib., 189.5). are the most valu- able. On the military genius of Napoleon the most accessible are: Ropes. The First Xapoleon (Boston. 188.5) and Campaifin of Waterloo (New York. 1893) ; Sargent. Xapoleon Bonaparte's First Campaifin (Chicago, 1894) and Campaifin of Marenno (ib., 1897) : Houssave, i.S/.'; (Paris, 1888) and ISl-', (ib.. 1894-99) :' and York von Wartenburg. tA""/>o/ro)i als Feldherr CBerMn. 1885- 8G). For naval affairs: JIahan, Influence of Sea Poiver Upon the French Revolution and Empire (London. 1893). For ecclesiastical atiairs: Haussonville, L'Eglise romaine et le premier Em- pire. ISnO-l'i (P.nris, 1868-70) . may be cited. For the relations with the Germanic States the most notable works are Oneken, Das Zeitaltcr der Uevolution, des Kaiscrreichs und der Befreiungs- Icriege (Berlin, 1884-86): Bailleu, I'reussen und Frankreich, 1796-1807 (Leipzig, 1887); Beer, iZehn Jahre osterreichischer Polilik, IHOI-IO {ih., 1887) ; Wertheimer, Oesehiclite Oesterreichs und Vngarns im erstcn Jahrzehnt des neunzchnten Jahrliunderts (ib., 1884-90). For relations with Russia, Bogdanovitch, Hisloirc du regne d'Alex- undre ler (Paris, 1869-71); Tatisheff, XapoUon et le Tsar Alexandre (ib., 1891). For relations with Spain, Gomez de Arteche, Guerra della In- dependeneia (1868 et seq. ). For relations with Italy, Tivaroni, Htoria critica del risorgimento ilaliano. vols, i.-iii. (Turin, 1889-91). For rela- tions with England and the United States.Adams, History of the United Hl(ites,lHf) 1-17 (^ vols.. New York, 1889-91). For original documents consult tile files of the Monileur ; the volumes of the Archives parlementaires ; Xapoleon /., Corre- spondance (32 vols., Paris, 1858-70) ; and the new volumes of Napoleon's correspondence published recentl}' by Leeestre and b.v Brotonne. Of great value are many of the writings by and on the contemporaries of Napoleon, such as his mar- shals, notably Davout. Marmont, and Soult ; his ministers, notabl,v Talleyrand, Savarv, and Chaptal ; his generals and subordinates, cspe- peciall,y Dumas, Fov. '.Jomini. *iIarbot, Segur,
- Thiebault, and Vandamme; his brothers Joseph,
Lucien, Louis, and .Jerome, and his stepson En- gine de Beauharnais; personal attendants like Bourrienne, "Meneval, Las Cases, and IMontlio- lon : minor oflicials and others, notably *!Miot de ilelito, *Pasquier, Roederer, Otivrard, Lavalette, Vitrolles, and lime, de Remusat. Of great value are also similar works by or on the Prussians. Hardenberg, Stein, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Clausewitz; the Anstrians, Metternieh, Gentz, and the Archduke Charles : the English. Castlc- reagh. Canning, Nelson, Wellington, and Napier; and the Russian, Barela.v de Tolly. NAPOLEON II. Son of Napoleon I. See Reichstadt. Duke of. NAPOLEON III., CiFAELEs Lotns Napoleon BoxAPARTE (1808-73). Emperor of the French. He was the third son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and of Hortense Beauharnais. (See Bonaparte.) The law of succession enacted un- der the First Empire gave the crown, in default of direct descendants of the Emperor, to the sons of either .Joseph or Louis Bonaparte. Joseph being childless, the sons of Louis became heirs apparent of the Napoleonic pretensions. Louis Napoleon was born .4pril 20. 1808. in Paris. He spent his boyhood with his mother at her Chateau of Arenenberg in Switzerland, and at Augsburg, where he studied in the gj'mnasium. After the death of the elder of his brothers he returned to France with his mother, bit they were ex- l)elled by Louis Philippe, went to England, and thence returned to Switzerland. The death of the Didce of Reichstadt (.July 22, 1832), only son of the first Napoleon, left Louis Napoleon the representative of his famil.v. and there- after the restoration of the Napoleonic Em- pire became his fixed idea. Dtiring the next four years his published works kept him before the French people. Among them were: Uer^ries politiques; Projet de constitution; Deux mots •Thpfle are also in Enjrlish tranBlations. fTbeee are also in French translations.
