Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/31

MORPHINE. 19 MORPHY. amounts are taken. Their wills become utterly destroyed and their moral .sense, especially in regard to truth, lost. The bodily functions are depressed, digestion disordereil, and the indi- vidual becomes pale, .sal low, and emaciated. Finally there is obstinate sleeplessness, a violent diarrha^a, and cramps in the muscles. The liabit can be ett'cctually treated only in institutions where the patient can be kept under constant surveillance. See Opium. MOR'PHOGEN'ESIS (XeoLat., from Uk. iu)p<t>il, morphv, form + ■y4ve(ri.s, yeiwsis, origin, from ylyvdrSai, g iynest hit i, to become) . A term projjosed by llaeckcl, who divides morphology into the tno coiirdinateed branches of anatomy and morphogenesis or morphogeny, ilorphogenesis is the equivalent of embnology or developmental his- tory. It takes into account the gradual develop- ment and building up of the form of the adult; i.e. the scries of changes and the mode by which the body and its organs become shaped. Haeckel further subdivides morphogenesis into ontogeny (q.v. ) and phylogeny (q.v. ). Consult Haeckel, denerelle Morphologie (Berlin, 18G6). MORPHOL'OGY (from Ok. /lopffi^, morphO, iorm -j- -Xoyla.hir/iii, account, from (yei.i>, legein, to say). In zoiilogy, the science of form and structure of animals. It is based on comparative anatomy and embryolog}', and lays the foundation for ph3'siology. We cannot well understand the structure or anatomy of the fully grown animal unless we have the history of the development of the organism as a whole, and of the separate organs. The morphologist. whose methods of study are based on observation and comparison, must not only be a comparative anatomi.st, but also an cmbryologist. He should not only be acquainted with the individual development (ontogeny, q.v.), but also that of the cla.ss or phylum to which the organism belongs (phylog- eny, q.v. ) . Jliireover, as the existing living be- ings are the descendants of long lines of ancestry, the morphologist should have at his command all the available facts as to the fossil relatives of existing forms. Though we owe the word 'mor- phology' to Goethe, it was first brought into its present extended use by the zoiilogists J. Miiller and Lenckart. But long before the middle of the last century the general mor- phology of organisms was in part discussed by Oken, Carus, Goethe, Geoffroy Saint Hilairo, Lamarck, Cuvier, Savigny, Owen, and Agassiz. For example, Goethe compared the flowering plant to an axis bearing modified or meta- morphosed parts or leaves; Savigny discov- ered that the mouth-parts or appendages of the heads of insects were modified legs; and Carus, Audouin, and Strauss-Durckheim perceived that their head was composed of a number of seg- ments. Goethe, and also Oken, discovered the segmental natiire of the vertebrate skiill. a prob- lem still earnestly discussed by morphologists. That jinrtion of the history of zoology called the Period of jror|ihology was signalized liy tlie brilliant results in dcvelo|imontal work of Von Baer, Pander, J. Miiller, Rathke, followed by the later researches of Schwann, Schieiden, Koel- liker. Huxley, Vogt, Gegenbaur. Haeckel, and their followers. As the result we see numerous morphological problems either solved or in a fair way of solution. See Symmetry. BiBOOGRApnY. Spencer, Principles of Biology (New York, 1898-l'.i00) ; Leuckart, Ueber die Morphologic und die Verwandtschaflsverluilt- iiisse dcr loirbvlloaeii Thiere (Braunschweig, 1848) ; Gegenbaur, Elements of C'uinparulive Anatomy (Kng. trans. London, 1878); Haeckel, Generelle Morphologie (Leipzig, 180(i) ; Carus, (leschichte der Zoologie (Munich, 1872) ; His, Vnsere Korperform (1875); also the works of Oken, Cuvier, Owen, Agassiz, Huxley, O. and R. Ilcrtwig. and others. MORPHOLOGY (in Plants). The study which treats of the origin and structure of plants and their organj. The aims of plant mor- phology are in all respects the same as those of animal morpliologj'. (See Botany.) The best conception of the present condition of plant morphology may be obtained by reading the gen- eial articles on Bryophytes; PTEitiDOPHVTEs; Spermatopiiytes; Thallophytes; and the more special articles on Alg.e; AngiospebmS; Equi.setum; Fern; Fungi; Gymnosperms; Hep.atic.e; LYCOPODIALE.S ; and Musci. A still more detailed account of plant structures may be obtained from the separate titles which deal with the prominent phenomena and organs, such as Alternation of Generations; Anthe- RiDiiM; Arciiegonilm; Heterospory ; Leaf; Root; Seed: Spore; Stem. Bibliography. Among elementary works that treat of the modern aspects of morphology are the following: Atkinson, Elementary Botany (New York, 1898) ; Barnes, Ptoa Lt/^e ( New York, 1808); Bessey, Botany (New York, 1892); Campbell, structural atid Hyxtemntic Botany (Boston, 1890): id.. The Evolution, of Plants (New Y'ork, 1899) ; Coulter. Plant Structures (New Y'ork, 1899). More advanced works are as follows: Goebel, Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology, trans, by Garn.sey (Ox- ford, 1887) ; Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, and Schimper, .4. Text-Boole of Botany, trans, by Por- ter (New Y'ork, 1898) ; Vines, Student's Text- Book of Botany (New Y'ork, 189.5) ; Warming and Potter, Handbook of Systematic Botany (New York. ISflf.). MORPHOT'ROPISM (from Gk. /xop0i, morphe, form + rpo-wfi, trope, a turning, from Tpivuv, trepein, to turn). The study of the exact role which each cliemieal constituent or each atomic (radical) group of a substance plays in modifying the form of its crystals. By com- paring the crystal forms of a series of closel}' related substances, the part played by each con- stituent substance may be inferred, especially when the substitution methods of organic chem- istry are applied to substances having very large chemical molecules. See Crystallography. MOR'PHY, Paul Ciiarle.s (18.37-84). An American chess player, born in New Orleans, La. He was jcmarkably precocious, especially as a chess player, and before he w'as thirteen had de- feated many well-known amateurs. He studied law for several years at the College of South Carolina, playing chess only occasionally. At the first American Chess Congress, which as- semble<l in New York in 18.57, IMorphy defeated with ease the best players that could be brought to meet him. He visited Europe in 1858. and in England beat Liiwenthal. Boden, and Bird, and performed the most astonishing feats in simul- taneous games without the board. In Paris he won five out of eight games with Harrwitz, and