Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/316

NATIONAL HYMNS. 274 NATIONAL NICKNAMES. mast" (Kin;; Cilli^tiall stuoU lifsiilo the mast). Words by Ewald; luusic by Haitiiian. Ecuador — "J^^alve, Uh Palria." Egypt — "Salaam, Eirendina" (March of the Khedive) . Finhmd — "Vart land" (Our Land). Words by J. L. Kunubcrg ; music by F. Pacius. France — "La Marseillaise" (q.v.). Words and music by Rouget de Lisle. Germany — "Heil dir im Siogerkranz." Words by H. Harries to music of "God Save the King" (q.v.). Great Britain — "God Save the King" (q.v.). Holland — "Wion Neerlands." Hungary — "Istcn aid meg a Magyart" (Lord Bless the Jiungarian). Italy — "Koyal March" (national air) ; by G. Gabetti. Japan — "Kcemefe gajo" (May the Empire Last). ilexico — "^lexicanos, al grito <Ie guerra" (na- tional air) (Mexicans, at the cry of war) ; by J. Nuno. Nicaragua — National air. by Bias Villatas. Persia — "Sahuiiati Shah." Music by A. Le- maire. Peru — "Somos libres, seamoslo siempre" (We are free, let us be so ever) . Rumania— "Traeasca Regale" (Long Live the King) (1802). Words by V. Ale.xandri; music by E. A. Hubsch. Russia — "Boghe Zaria chrany" (God Protect the Czar) (1830). Words by Zhukovsky; music by A. Lyoff. Salvador — "Saludemos la Patria" (Let us Hail our Country). Words by J. J. Canas; music by J. Aberle. Servia — "God in His Goodness." Music by D. Jenko. Spain — "Himno de Eiego." Music by Herta. Sweden — "Ur svenska hjertans" (Out of the Swedish Heart). Switzerland — "Rufst du, mcin Vaterland," to music of "God Save the King." United States— "Star Spangled Banner" (q.v.) and "Hail Columbia" (q.v.). (The former is played in the United States Navy at morning colors; the latter at evening colors.) Uruguay — "Himnio Naiioiial de la Reprtblica Oriental del Uruguay" (National Hymn of the Republic of Uruguay). Music by T). L Dcballi. Venezuela — "Gloria al bravo pueblo" (1811) (Honor to a Brave Nation). Words by V. Sal- ias; music by J. Sandaeta. Consult: Engel, .In I itt roducl ion to the Study of Xalioiial Music (London. 1800) ; Fitzgerald, Stories of Famous Songs (ib., 1808). NATIONALISM. .A term applied to the plan of sori;il icfiiiiii Dutlinod in I'.i'llainy's Lonhiiiij lincUnaril. The scheme involved (he national- ization of the |)rocesscs of production and dis- tribution. It is a form of socialism which em- phasizes the social importance of economic equality. The first Nationalistic .Association was organ- ized by a company of Bellamy's readers in Bos- ton in" 1889. . statement of its views condemned the system of competition and expressed the be- lief that it would gradually be supplanted by a system of universal brotherhood. The move- ment spread rapidly and l>y 1891 there were in the United States 102 clubs. In some States, notably California, an active part was taken in Ijolitics. In -May, 1SS9, a magazine, the .Ya- tionalist, was started which existed two years. Its place was then taken by the Xcw yution, founded by Bellamy, which also lasted two years. The Nationalists exercised a considerable inllu- ence upon the People's Party, but ceased to play any considerable independent role. The move- ment spread to England, where "The Nationaliza- tion Society' was organized July 3, 1890. See Socialism. Consult: Bellamy, Looking Baclirard (Boston, 1887) ; and id., "The Programme of the Nation- alists," article in the Forum (March, 1894) ; Elv, Socialism and Social Reform (New York, 1894). NATIONAL MUSEUM. See Uxited States National Mi sei m. NATIONAL NICKNAMES (ME. uekename, cUenaiitc, l»y faulty liaison or sandhi for an eke- name, additional name, from cl.c -+- nuine). Na- tional nicknanics arc as a rule l^r^.t enijUoycd by the jieople themselves. By the familiar Jonx Bill is meant the English nation. Tlie name was first used in the satire of Dr. John .rbuth- not. Law is a Jiottomlcss Pit. The sobriquet of Jonathan or Bkotiier Jonathan has gone through three distinct i)hases. First, between IT7G and 1783 it was employed, as a mildly de- risive term, by the Loyalists, and applied by them to the Patriots: secondly, helwecn 1783 and 1812 it was adopted by the Americans them- selves, who used it to designate a country bump- kin ; and thirdly, during the war with England in 1812-15 it came into universal vogue as a national sobriquet. The accepted story, attribu- ting the origin of the term to a remark made by Washington in allusion to Governor .Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut, originated in 184(), and has recently been shown to be without founda- tion. Uncle Sam, the familiar sobriquet of the I'nited States government or people, is commonly stated to have originated at the outbreak of the war with England in 1812, when some one. ask- ing what the letters 'U.S.' marked on casks and barrels nu'ant, was facetiously told that they referred to "Uncle Sam" or Sanuiel Wilson, an obscure citizen of Troy, N. Y., said to have been an inspector or a contractor. This story has not been found earlier than 1842. when it was given in .J. Frost's Hook of the yarji. p. 297. No doul)t Frost copied it from some news|)aper, hut the story lacks proof. The term I'ncle Sam has yet to be traced earlier than the fall of 1813, "when we read of "Uncle Sam's Men," meaning United States custom hou<e oOlcers, and are told that "I'nrlc Sam, the now ]K)pular explica- tion of the U. S.. does not pay well."_ The term api»ars to have arisen somewhere in the North, perhaps in New Y'ork or Vermont: and its origin was presumaVdy merely a jocular ex- tension of the abbreviation U. S.. then very eonuuon. For three years it ran a career in the newspapers, in ISlfi it api>eared In a book, and by 1817 its popularity was well established. Nicholas Froo. the typical Dutchman, was first used by Arbuthnot in his Lair is a Hntlomless Pit. Jean CRAi'Ain (Toad) is the popular nick- name of the French nation, collectively taken, and dates back to the time when the ancient kings of France used for their device in herald- ry "three toads, erect, saltant,' or in a leaping