Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/339

NAVAL KESERVE. 295 NAVAL SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION. German navies are ilerived chiell3' from lionorably diseluirjred men who have served tlio required term of enlistment and then pass into the reserve. To these may lie added the men who have not yet been called upon, hut who will he re()uired to serve in time of war, such as fishermen, merchant sailors, and others pursuing such callings as are useful in the war lieet, also those who may elect to serve in the navy rather than the array. On January 1, 100.3. the efl'ectives of the French re- serve were about .)0,000 in ninnber, and of the German about T4.()()n, The Russian naval reserve is somewhat similarly derived, but contains a greater jjroportion of untrained men who are imfamiliar with nautical life. Its numbers are not definitely known and the requirements of entry are being changed; a fair estimate is tiO.OOO — of whieli not more than half have re- ceived much training. The Italian reserve, like those (if France and Oermany, consists of men who have completed the term of actie service and have passed to the reserve list. The number has at times exceeded 32,000 and is now probably not less than that. See Navies. NAVAL SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION. In the L'nited States the naval schools consist of the Xaval Academy (q.v. ), Naval War College, Naval Torpedo School, apprentice training schools, and gunnery training schools. 1 he Naval War College is at Newport, R. I., and per- forms the double function of preparing plans of naval operations and instructing officers in spe- cial lines. The torpedo school for both officers and men is located at the Torpedo Station on Goat Island. Newport Harbor, R. I. The principal training station for enlisted men is the one for apprentices at Newport ; but there are others at Port Royal, S. C. and San Francisco. The school for seamen gunners is divided between the naval gun factory at 'ashington and the torpedo station at Newport. C;un captains are trained on the gunnery training ships, which usually have headquarters at Port Royal, S. C. Foreign Naval Schools. The naval school of Argentina is at Buenos Ayres. The age at date of admission is fourteen to seventeen years and the course is four years. The instruction is very good in theoretical branches, but the practical nautical exercises are verj' few. The greater part of the executive officers of the Atistro-Hunf/aiiun nayare graduates of the naval academy at Fiume ; the others are appointed pro- visiimally and serve in the tleet until able to pass a satisfactory examination. The age at date of ad- mission to the academy is fourteen to sixteen years. The course is four years, three months of every year being spent on board a practice ship. There are also gunnery training schools, torpedo schools, and sailing training vessels for men and boys. The executive officers of the Brazilian navy are recruited from the gradiiates of the naval school at Rio de .Tanciro. The limits of age at entrance to the academy are thirteen and seventeen years and the course is three years. The graduates are transferred to the naval college (Rio de .Janeiro) for an additional course of four years. There is a naval academy for the education of officers of the Chilean na'y at Valparaiso. The course is six years, previous to which the cadet must have completed three years at the military academy at Santiago. There is a naval school for the instruction of "llicers in the I'hincsr navy at Nanking, but only a part of the officers are educated there. It may be said that in the appointment of officers, as in everything connected with the navy, there is no system. The course at the academj' is four to six years. In Denmark, each year there are ten admis- sions to the naval school for officers, situated at Copenhagen. The candidates must be from fifteen to twenty years of age and have served nine months in the navy or eighteen months in the merchant marine. After a preliminary cruise of three months they are reexamined and six of the ten selected, the others being discharged. The course of instruction is four years. The training of officers and men for the French navy is undergoing some changes. The principal naval schools are the Polytechnic School (partly naval ) , Naval School, superior training school for executive officers, training school for engineer offi- cers, medical, torpedo. machinist, gunnery, and ord- nance schools. The naval school proper is on the old line-of-battle ship Bord(( at Brest. The re- quirements for entrance are high, and the range of suljjects quite wide. The age at entrance is from fourteen to eighteen years. The course is two years. After completing the course at the naval school the cadets are promoted to aspirants second class, and sent on board a cruising training ship where their instruction is continued for a year. They are then promoted to aspirants first class and their training ceases. The .school for engineers is a school of engine design and construction. The medical schools are three in number and are located at Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon. The course of study is two years. The torpedo, gun- nery, and ordnance schools are for the practical and theoretical education of those officers who incline to become specialists. The machinist school is for the training of warrant and petty officers of this branch for higher grades. The GeriDim naval academy is located at Kiel. The candidates for admission must not be more than seventeen years old and must possess cer- tificates of (jualification for the upper classes of a royal high school (Realgynmasiuni) , or pass an examination in the equivalent subjects. After entering they receive -four weeks' practical in- struction on shore; the cadets are then sent on board a cadet training ship and pass the winter abroad. Upon their return in the spring they are examined and, if qualified, pi'omoted to en- sign (Fahnrieli ~iir See). They are then em- barked for another full year's course of practical training and theoretical and practical instruction on one of the cadets' and boys' training ships. The young ensigns are then transferred to the naval academy for one year's course of theoretical instruction. At the close of the year the prin- cipal examination takes place: after which the ensigns are sent for half a year to the gunnery and torpedo ships and to the marine infantry school for special practical and theoretical courses in gunnery, torpedo, and infantry in- struction. After this they are examined, and upon passing are sent for two years' practical training on board battleships or large cruisers; but they are promoted to lieiitenant {Lieutenant zur See) at the end of the first year. The naval school of the British navy is located at Dartmouth on hoard the old line-of-battle ships Britannia and Hindostan. though academic build- ings on shore were commenced in 1002. The