Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/388

NEGKITOS. 338 NEGRO. centres of undoiit>tp(i Negrito ])ii|iiiljiti()ii existing at present are in the Andaiuun Islands, the ^lalay Peninsula, and certain ot' the I'hilipiiine Islands, tlu' |iiirr Nefrritos beinj; eertainlv rei)rr- sented only bj' the Xlineopies. .Sakai. and Aetaa. The .liiieii|iirs of the Andaman Islands, who aver- age four feet ten inelics in height, are taller than the other Negritos, except some of the Malaccaiis, who are probably crossed with Malays. The Seniangs and Mantras, in the peninsula of Malac- ca, may be regarded as Negritos, while the Mintra and the .Jakhuns of .loliorc are Sakai- Jlalay half-breeds, with lighter skin and taller stature. Some authorities, however, regard them as Negritos. The Scmangs (whose own name is Mendi or Menik) of Northern Perak, Kedah. Rahman. Kanga. and Kelantan are described by Martin, who visited the Malay Peninsula in 18!)", as representing a dark-brown ulotrichous variety of man, while the Sakai (whose own name is Senoi) of Southeastern Perak ami Northwestern Pahang are a brown eymotriehnus variety. Both are distinct alike from the Malayan and the Mongoloid |)eoples. 'J'lie Ulandas. .Ma-meri (or Bcsesi ) of Southern Selangor, the Mantra of the territory of Malacca and Pembau. and the Jakhinis of .Tohore he styles mixed peoples. As to head-form tJie Scmangs are mesoccphalic (tending to dolichocephalic), the purest Sakai are dolichocephalic, and the Hesesi brachyec- phalic. The hair of the Semangs is frizzy or thick woolly, while that of the Sakai and of the mixed tribes is for the most ])art wavy. The Sakai may perhaps be the desc<'iid;uits of the Neolithic ))opulation of this portiini of Farther India. The Aetas of the Philippines, who number altogether some 10,000, are f(mnd in certain parts of the interior of Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, and Negros, and Northeastern Mindanao. The euUiire- status of the Negritos is very primitive, though the arts and industries of the Andaman Island- ers, the best studied members of the stock, give more evidence of talent and ingenious adaptation to environment than is commonly attvil)iit<>(l to them. The strict monogamy of the Sakai and their ratlicr high morality ought also to be noted. The bow and arrow (often poisoned) is a char- acteristic Negrito weapon. Consult: Quatrefages. Lrs pi/fjmi'r.i (Paris, 1887) ; Man, The Aboriflines of the Anilaman Isl- ands (I^ndon, 188.5) : Clifford. In Court and Knmpontj (London. 18H7): Steven.s, Malcriiilien znr l run I II ins tier iriliirn Sl-iimme anf der lialh- innel Mittnklit (Rerlin. lSi)2): fiiglioli, Xiiore not hie sui popoli nrriroidi ilrlV .{sin c special- menle sui Xefirili (Florence. 1S7!M ; Meyer. .1?- Initn van PhilippinenTi/pen (Dresden. ISS.'i) : IJlumentritt, Ethnotjraphie der Philippinrn (fiotha, 1892) ; Meyer, Die yrf/rHos (Dresden, isno). NEGRO (Sp.. Port.. Tt. iic^ro. black, from Lat. niiier. black). The name properly apjdied to a subspecies of mankind of whom the cliief characteristics are a dark skin, woolly or fri/zly hair, and a dolichocephalic skull. The negroid type presents many mo<lilieations and has ob- tained a fairly wide disjK>r<<ion. but is found in its purest state and in greatest numbers in Africa, and that continent must be considered its centre of distribution. It is commonly hehl that the type is host repre- sented by the Sudanese tribes of .•frica, who are regarded as true negroes. They are distinguished by a very dark brown or chocolate-coloied skin, black crisp hair which is tlat on section, a rela- tively long head, with Hat. broad nose and pro- jecting jaws with thick, everted lips. In stature they are tall, with long arms and slender legs. The most important moditication of this type is found in the Bantu group of tribes, which stretches southward in Africa from the Sudan to the Cape of Good Hope. This division is one based largely on linguistic grounds, and, present- ing as it docs many variations of slight extent, it is impossible to name any single phy-ical charac- ter which distinguishes the Bantu negro from the Sudanese. In general, however, the Bantu face is less coarse than the Sudanese, the jaws less projecting, and the lips not so thick. In color of skin the Bantu shows all shades of dark brown, and in stature corresponds to the Sudanese. A marked variation, and one diflicult to ac- count for, is seen in the dwarf races who are found in scattered groups across Central Africa surrounded by Bantu neighbors and extending far to the south, where they are represented by the well-knowii tribe of Bushmen. The Bushmen, with their somewhat taller neighbors, the Hotten- tots, are usually regarded as forming an inde- pendent stock not to be classed with the pygmies of the ecpiatorial region. This problem is at present impossible to settle. The dwarfs oft'er striking physical traits which difl'erentiate them from the! other negroid peoples of Africa. In stature the northern pygmies do not average much over four feet, the Bushmen .seldom range over five feet, while the Hottentots are somewhat taller. In color the skin is a light yellowish brown, and, in the true dwarf groups, said to be covered with a sort of down. The hair is crisp and in the central dwarfs of a ru-sty brown color, while in the Bushmen-Hotten- tot group it is black and tufted. Of the true negroes of the Sudan the most important tribes are, in the west, the Wolof, .Manclingan, Feliip. Timni. Kru. Sierra T.conesc, Liberian, Tshi, Ewe. Yoruba. Ibo, ICIik. Borgu, and Mossi. In the Central Sudan, the Sonrhay, llausa, Mosgu. Kancmbu, Kanuri, Bagliirmi, and Yedina; and in the east, the JIaba, Fur. Nuba, Shilluk, Dinka, Bari, .-Vbaka, Bongo. JIangbattu, Zandeh, Momfu, and Bari. Of the Bantu tribes traced southward along the east coast and northward along the west, fol- lowing their ]M(ibable course of migration, the most important divisions are the lionjo. Baya, Waganda, Wanyoro. a])oki)mo. Wagiryama, Waswhahili, Zulu, ilashona, Bechuana, Ova-Hcr- rero, Kshi-Kongo. Bashilange. Balolo. .Manyuema, Bakalai. Fan, Mpongwe. Dwala. and Batanga. The dwarf races of Central .frica are little known, but the most familiar are the .kka, Wochua, Obongo, and Batwa. In the south are the Bushnu'U and the Hottentots, (he chief tribes of the latter being the Namaqua. Criqua, and Damara. These peoples include the bulk of the African negroids. The dark-skinned natives of the north. viz. in .Vbyssiiiia and in neighboring regions, and along the Mediterranean, exhibit such difTerences and are so allied in other respects with Semitic anil liamitic peoples that they are usually classed with them. The extra-.Vfrican distribution of negroid stocks immediately presents difliculties. We can