Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/405

NEMI. 355 NEOLAMARCKISM. examined. One soonis to have been about 200 leel in lungtli, and (iO feet beam : the other was lierhajis 2o0 feet long. The decks were paved with thin slabs of porjilij-iy and serpentine, and the railings were of gilded bronze. Lead water- pipes with the name of Caligula furnished a elew to the date, and seemed to imply fountains on board. Thoigh eommonly called ships, it is far moue probable that they were great rafts used in some spectacle connected with the worship of Diana. On the ritual of the grove, consult i'"razcr, The dolden Bough (ii.. ed., London and New Vnik, lOOOJ. NEMOURS, nc-moor'. Dike of. A Frencli general who gained fame in the Italian wars of Louis XIL See Gaston de Foix, Duke of Ne- monr-. under Foix. NEMOURS, Loots Charles Philippe Ea- piiAEL d'Orleax.s. Duke de (1814-9G). Second son of Louis Philippe. He was born in Paris and educated at the College of Henry IV. In 1831 he was elected King of the Belgians, but declined the oli"er. He served in the two Belgian cam- paigns, and in Algeria, and was in 18.37 made lieutenant-general. After the death of his elder brother, the Duke of Orleans (.July 13. 1842), it was proposed to confer the regency upon the Duke de Nemours: but this was not sanctioned by pub- lie opinion, and he left France on the outbreak of the Revolution in 1S48. and did not return till 1871. After the adoption of the anti-royalist bill of lSS(i his na7ne was struck off the army list. NENA SAHIB, nfi'na siilieb. Leader in the Sepoy Mutiny in India. See Xax. Sahid. NENCIONI, nan-eho'ne, ExRico (1840-9G). An Italian ])Oet and critic, born at Florence. He was one of that literary company called the 'Amici pedanti,' of which Carducci was the lead- er. He wrote for the Italia Suoca, and trans- lated nuich French and English poetry into his language. Especially remarkable are his papers on English literature. Toward the end of liis life he held a professorship at the Woman's Xormal School in Florence. His works include: Vcrsi (1880) ; Medaglioni (1883 and 1897) ; and Studi di lettcrature straniere (1897-98). NEN'NIUS. An historian who lived in Wales at the end of the eighth and beginning of the ninth century, and who is believed by some to be the author of the Hintoria Britoniim. Little is definitely known about him. The Historia Bri- toinnii contains a description of Britain, and deals briefly with the period of the Roman oc- cupation, and the subsequent events, as the in- cursions of the Picts and Scots and the Saxon conquest. As an historical source it has little value, but it is of some importance for the study of early British mytholog;i'. especially for the study of the legend of Arthur, and because it contains the genealoiries of Engli-sh kings to 790. The best edition is by Mommsen, in Monumcnta Ocrmaiiiw nistoricn: Aurtores Antiquissimi, vol. xiii. (Berlin, 1898). For secondary works, consult: Zimmer, yennius Yitidirntiis (Berlin, 1893); Tliurncysen, "Nennius Vindicatus," in Zcil.irhriff fiir dciitsche Philolofjie. vol. xxviii. (Halle, 1895) ; id., in Zeifsrhrift fiir cettische Philnloqie. vol. i. (Halle. 1897) ; Gross, Sources and Literature of Encilish lUstorii (New York, 1900). NE'OCENE (from Gk. v4o$, neos. new + rai»6s, kainos, recent). A geologic term em- ployed by the United States theological Survey to designate the middle portion of American Ceno- zoic time, and corresponding to the combined Miocene and Pliocene periods of the Lyellian classilication. NEC-DARWINISM. Although Darwin, in his Aiiiinulf! iiiiil I'lanis Under Uonicsliidlion, gave nK)re weight to changes in the conditions of life, eimeeding that natural selection was not an exclusive factor in organic evolution. Wallace and others, notably Weismann, have insisted on the 'all-sullieieney' of natural selection, pushing, as many think, Darwinism far beyond its legiti- mate bounds. See Wr.lSMAN.NlSM. NE'OGiE'A (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. Wos, neos, new + yata, yaia, earth). An alternative name in zoogeography for the continent of South America, or Neotropical Region, in conformity with ".^retogna,' 'Xotoga'a,' and so on. NEO-HEGELIANISM, ne'6-h«-ga'li-an-iz'ra. A term often applied by opponents to the doc- trine of those English, Scotch, and American thinkers who, more or less under the influence of Hegel, hold that consciousness and object are mutually implicated, and who. believing in the historical priority of the physical universe to the finite consciousnesses which are in some way correlated with physiological organisms, feel themselves forced to the conclusion that there is an eternal consciousness, of which the imiverse is the object. T. H. Green, .J. and E. Caird, J. Watson, H. Jones, D. G. Ritchie, and Josiah Eoyce may be mentioned as prominent among those to whom the epithet is often applied. See especially Greex, Tiiom.v.s Hill. NEO-KANTIANISM, n«'6-krin'ti-on-iz'm. A term applied to the doctrine of those followers of Kant who accept the general result of Kant's philosophy so far as the theory of knowledge goes, but do not follow Kant in his endeavor by jiractieal reason to work out a metaphysics. F. A. Lange. II. Colien. P. Natorp. J. Vo'lkelt, and 0. Liebmann may be mentioned as repre- sentatives of tills tendency. NE'0-LAMARCK'ISM. The modified doc- trine held by those naturalists who accept in the main the teachings of Lamarck (q.v.). La- marck was the first truly scientific thinker to state in a detailed way the causes not only of the origin of species, but of certain types of ■animal life, such as some orders of birds, of the groups represented by the ai, lemur, the kanga- roo, and so on. The chief Lamarckian factors of organic evolution (see Lamarckism) are changes in the environment, direct in plants and the low- est animals, indirect in the higher animals: also, the use and disuse of organs, and the trans- mi.ssion of characters acquired during the life- time of the individual, or what is called 'use- inheritance.' The first wriler after Lamarck, on the lines laid out by the great French zoiUogist, was Herbert Spencer. In 18ri(;-71, in his Prin- ciples of Uiolofi!/. Haeckel claimed (1808) that we should have to adopt Lamarck's theory of descent for the explanation of biological phe- nomena, "even if we did not possess Darwin's theory of selection." adding: "The one is so com- pletely and direclhl proved by the other, and established by meclianical causes, that there re- mains nothing to he desired." In .America. Cope (1800-71) and Hyatt (1866- 74) independently advocated Lamarckian views.