Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/457

NETHERLANDS SCHOOLS. 405 NETS. of tile paiuteiN. the ';i^;iri of llio Xi-tliPrlaiuls, is 'an M.-nuliT. Ilrt siliildi:r-bocck ( Alkniaar, 1604) ; also, Hoiilimkcii, Of (jruote achuuburg der nederlnndschc Icuiintscltildersi (Ainsterdaiii, 1718). Of niodeni works, the best are: van Kyn- den and van der illif;en. (leschiedeni.i der vader- laiidschc scliihlcriidi.'it, sedert de helft des JSde eeuw (Haarlem, ISlili); Immerzcel, Dc Icvcits en trcrhrns der llolliind'iclic en Miiamsrlie kunst- schilders (Amsterdam, lS42-4;i); Blane, Uis- toirf lies jicintris liolldiKldis et fliimands (Paris, 1852-57); Froiiientin, Lfs maUrcn d'nutrefois: Bclyiquc ef Hiillandc (Paris, 1870; English trans- lation. Boston, 1882) ; Riepel, licitriipc zur nie- dcrliindiHrhcn Kiinstr/cschicliie (Berlin, 1882); Kuglcr, lliindbook of I'aintinff — (Icrman, Flem- ish, and Dutch Schooli (Eng. trans., London, 1808) : Van Dyke, Old Dutch and Flemish Mas- ters (Xew York, 1896) ; Pliilippi, Die Bliithe der Malerei in Belgien und Holland (Leipzig, 1900- 01). For the Flemish school, consult: Michiels, His- toire de la peintiirc /lamande (Brussels, 1865-74) ; Crowe and Cavalcaselle, Early Flemish Painters (London, 1872) ; Rooses, Geschichte der Maler- schule Antirerpms, trans, by Reber (Munich, 1880) ; Van den Branden, Geschicdenis der Ant- werpsche Schildcrscliool (Antwerp, 1883) ; and especially W'auters, La pei)iturc /lamande (Paris, 1884). For contemporary Belgian painting, con- sult: Lenionnier, Histoire des beaux-arts en Bel- ijifjue (Brussels, 1881); De Mont, Die graplii- sch<-n Kiinstc im heutigen Belgien (Vienna, 1902). For the Dutch school, consult: Bode, Studien zur Geschichte der holUindischen Malerei (Bruns- wick, 1883) ; Wurzbaeh, Geschichte der hollUn- dischcn Malerei (Leipzig, 1885) ; Havard, La peinture hollandaise (Paris; English trans.. New York, 1885) ; van der Willigen, Les artistes de Haarlem (The Hague, 1780) ; Vosmaer, Onze he dcndaagsche schilders (Amsterdam, 1883-85). NETH'EESOLE, Olga (1870—). An Eng- lish actress, liorn in London, .January 18, 1870. She appeared on the London stage in 1888 at the Royal Adelphi Theatre, having begun her career at Brighton the year before. She was soon a member of .John Hare's company at the Garriek, where one of her early successes was in The Profligate. In 1890 she made a tour to Aus- tralia. Late in 1894 she first came to America, where she soon became well known in Camille, Carmen. Hapho. and other characters, one of her best being Paula in A. W. Pinero's The Second Mrs. Tamineray. in which she appeared in New Y'ork in 1899. Consult Strang. Famous Actresses of the Dag in America (Boston, 1899). NETHINIM, ne'the-nem' (Heb., given fto God], from nOthnn, to give). The lowest order of ministers of the Temple at .Jerusalciii, men- tioned only in Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah. They are distinguished from the Levites, but were of suilieient importance to make Ezra solicitous for a large following of them with his mission to Jerusalem (Ezra viii. 17-20). They enjoyed the immunities of the priesthood (ill. vii. 24). possessed a distinct quarter on the Temple hill, along with allotments in the towns (Xeh. iii. 31; Ezra ii. 70), and shared in the civic life of Israel (Neh. x. 28). Their name, along with their subordinate position, shows that the caste originally consisted of slaves piously devoted to the sanctuary, like the Greek hiero- <lulcs, to perform its menial dulies. The tradi- tion is preserved that David and his princes ■gave' these servants (Ezra viii. 20). one division of them being associated with Solomon (ib. ii. 55). The large nund)er of foreign names among the Xethinim suggests that they were largely drafted from prisoners of war (cf. Joshua ix. 23). But time broke down the raeial distinction, and their voUuitarv return after the Exile seems to have oljliteruted all degradation. The Talnuid, with its often abstract view of history, outlaws them as heathen, but this view is contradicted by the Bible. Consult; Baudissin, Die Geschichte des alttestamentlichcn Priesterthums untersucht, p. 142 (Leipzig, 1880) ; Rylc, '-Xehemiah," in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (Cam- bridge. 1893) ; Joseph .Jacobs, Studies in Biblical Archwologg (London, 1894). NETHOU, na'too', Pic DE. The highest peak of the Pyrenees. It is situated in the S])anish Province of Htiesca. immediately south of the French boundary, 40 miles west of Andorra. Its height is 11,109 feet, and it forms with the neigh- boring Pic de la Maladetta ( 10.807 feet) and Pic du Milieu (11,010 feet) the Maladetta group, a steep and jagged granite mass. On its north- ern slope lies an extensive glacier. The summit is often ascended for the splendid view which it affords. NETS (AS. net, Goth. nati. OHG. nezzi, Ger. Xetz. net, of doubtful etymology : possibl}' con- nected with Lat. nassa, weel ) . 0])en fabrics of cotton, linen, hemp, silk, or other material, whose threads tisually cross each other at right angles, leaving a comparatively large open space between them. The open spaces in nets are called meshes. The threads may be tied at their intersection, thus constituting a true netting, or they may be simply crossed by the process of weaving. The art of net-making has been practiced from the earliest times. Even where the art of weaving was quite unknown, as in some of the South Sea Islands when first discovered, that of netting was well tinderiftood ; hence we find among savage tribes, almost universally, nets are used not only for fishing, but also for entrapping land animals. N^umerous illustrations of the use of nets for both purposes are foimd in the bas-reliefs of Assyria, Greece, and Rome, and in the mural paintings of Egypt. A great variety of nets are in use among fishermen, but the principal are the seine and the trawl. The seine is a very long but not very wide net, one side of which is loaded with pieces of lead, and consequently sinks; the other, or upper side, is buoyed with pieces of cork, and consequently is kept up to the surface. When stretched out they constitute walls of net-work in the water, and are made to inclose schools of fish. The trawl is dracged along the bottom by the fishing-boat. It is a large net. often 50 feet wide and 100 feet deep, narrowing into a fine-meshed purse at the extremity, with pockets at the sides to retain the entangled fish. Some- times the mouth is stretched apart by an iron beam, which rests upon supports shaped like rimners, holding the distended net up about three feet from the sea bottom, while the belly of the net. held in front by the ground rope, drags along the bottom. Such nets, called beam-trauls. are operated in deep water by large fishing smacks. Various kinds of nets are used in bird-eatehing, and also in catching quadrupeds, chiefly for the