Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/469

NEUTRALITY. 417 NEtrVILLE. it is forbidden to neutrals to allow their ports or territorial waters to l)e used by either bel- ligerent as a base of hostile ojjerations against the (jther. Not only are neutrals subject to certain duties, but international law clothes them with certain rights and immunities which belligerents are l>ound to respect. Thus a neutral State has a right to insist that its territory shall be in- violable from acts of war committed by either liclli^'erent. An armed vessel, therefore, lias no right to pursue an enemy into neutral waters or to etl'eet a capture there. Xor has a belligerent any right to move troops through the territory nf a neutral State or conunit acts of belligerency therein. These are violations of the sovereignty of the neutral and may be resisted l)y force. The act of a public vessel, however, in passing through the territorial waters of a neutral State is not a violation of its neutrality. As a means of enforcing the obligations of neutrality it is customary for States to pass statutes defining the duty of their subjects in relation to other nations at war and imposing penalties for their violation. These statutes are |popular!y known as iieiitralili/ hiirs. They do not ali'eet the international responsibility of the State, however, and their inefficiency cannot be pleaded in extenuation of a failure to fulfill neutral obligations. The neutrality laws of the United States are contained chiefly in the acts of 1794, 1818, and 18.38. They declare it to be a misdemeanor for any citizen to accept or exercise a commission for the purpose of serving a foreign Power in war with a State at peace with the T'nited States, or to enlist or induce another |ierson to enlist or eiigaye him to go abroad to enlist in the foreign service of such a State; or to fix out, arm, equip, or augment the force of any armed vessel with the intent that it shall be employed in the service of a Power at war with a friendly State; or to institute within the territory of the United States any military expedition against any such Power. The President of the United States is em])owered to compel any foreign vessel which ought not to remain in the territorial waters of the United States to depart therefrom and to enforce the observance of the neutrality laws in general. One of the chief purposes of this legis- lation is to prevent organized efforts to secure the enlistment of troops by belligerents in neutral teri'itory. Neutral governments, however, can- not be held responsible for the unorganized and unauthorized departure of individual citizens for the purpose of enlisting in a foreign army. The manufacture and sale of contraband of war ex- cept in the case of ships fitted for warfare is not expressly prohibited by the neutrality laws of either Great Britain or the United States. See Intern ATiON.L Law, and the authorities there cited: also .i,.bama Claims; CoNTRABAxn of Waii: Deci.ahatiox of Paris; War. NEUTRAL NATION. An Iroquoian tribe formerly holding the territory along the north shore of Take Erie in the Province of Ontario, land extending eastward as far as the Genesee •River in New York. Their proper name is un- Iknown. They were kiio«Ti to the Huron (see IWtandot) as Ati)peii()nron, implying a people •speaking a language slightly different (from ■Huron), and to the Seneca as Gagwage-ono. The French called them the 'Neutral Nation,' on ac- count of their taking a neutral stand during the long wars between the Iroquois and the Huron. This did not save them, however, for on the final conquest and dispersion of the Huron people the Iroquois invaded the Neutral country with the result that in 1(1.51 the tril)e was utterly de- stroyed, the remnant being incorporated with the conquerors or dispersed in small parties among the Western or S(nithern tribes. The war was carried on chiefly by the Seneca, according to whose tradition the immediate cause of dispute was a ball-play contest in which the Seneca were the victors. The final battle occurred at a fortified Neutral town about six miles south of the present Buffalo. The majority of the cap- tives were incorporated by the Seneca, who also took possession of the conquered territory as far west as Lake Erie. NEUVILLE, ne'vel', Alphonse de ( 1836-85) . A French military painter and illustrator. He was born at Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais). May 31, 1836. His father, who was wealthy, wished his son to prepare for an ollicial position, but the boy preferred a military life and attended the naval school at Lorient, where he spent much time sketching. To please his family, he studied law for three years, but then determined to become a painter. He took a studio of his own, studj'ing a short time with Picot, but was more influenced by the art and advice of Delacroix. His first exhibited picture, "Bat- terie Gervais, Malalcoff," an episode from the Crimean War, achieved some success. Not being equally successful with later works, as a means of livelihood, De Neuville designed a large num- ber of illustrations for periodicals and books. His great success came after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, in which he served as an officer of engineers. He became the most popular paint- er of that war, his pictures being gi-eeted with great applause. From a purely arti.stic point of view they are open to criticism. His colors are often dull, and sometimes ill-chosen, where- fore his drawings in black and white are con- sidered better than his paintings. He excels in portraying vividly and vigorously an intensely dramatic incident, and ch'piets soldiers in the thick of the fight with accuracy and sentiment that make the pictures national in spirit. His earlv paintings include: "Capture of Naples bv Garibaldi" (1860) ; "Chasseurs of the Guard" ('l861) ; and "Attack in the Streets at Magenta" (1864)— all in the SaintOmer Jfuseum; "Chas- seurs Crossing the Tchernaia" (1868), Lille Mu- seum. Among his later and more famous pic- tures, many of which are in the United States, are: "Bivouac Before Le Bourget" (1S72). Dijon Mu.seum ; "The Last Carlri<lge" (1873); "De- fense of Le Bourget" (1870), and "Surprise in Environs of Metz in 1870" (1877), in the W. H. Vanderbilt collection. New York; "The Adieu." .Tohn .Jacob Astor. New York: ".attack at Dawn." .John G. .Johnson. Philadelphia, Pa.; "The De- struction of the Telegraph Line" (1884). David C. I.,yall, New York. Jn 1881 he. in company with Detaille. painted the celebrated circular panorama. "The Battle of Champignv." He died in Paris. Mav 20. 188.5. Consult De T^ostalot. in Gazette des Beaux-Arts, xxiv. (188.5). NEUVILLE, Jean Guiixavme, Raron Hyde de (1776-1857). A French statesman, bom at