is in course of construction. The city has a public library with over 17,300 volumes and the Gardner A. Sage Library of 44,500 volumes, and is the seat of Rutgers College (q.v.), connected with which is the Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church, and of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College with the State model farms. New Brunswick is extensively engaged in manufacturing hosiery, wall paper, rubber boots and shoes, bicycle tires, chemicals, fruit jars, boilers, cigars, foundry products, knitting needles, sash and blinds, shoes, etc. Under a charter of 1863, the government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, a unicameral council, and in administrative boards. The boards of library trustees and of health are appointed by the mayor; the board of water commissioners is elected by the council; the board of education is chosen by popular vote. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 18,603; in 1900, 20,006. The first settlement here was made in 1681. The place was first called ‘Prigmore's Swamp’ (1681-97), then ‘Inion's Ferry’ (1691-1714), and finally New Brunswick, in honor of the House of Brunswick. New Brunswick was incorporated as a town in 1736, and was chartered as a city in 1784. It suffered much during the Revolution, and during the winter of 1776-77 was occupied by the British.
NEW′BURGH. A city in Orange County, N. Y., 60 miles north of New York City; on the Hudson River, about five miles above the picturesque Highlands, and on the Erie and the West Shore railroads (Map: New York, F 4). It is built on a steep, terraced slope, rising about 300 feet above the river to an extended plateau. The city has a public library, a public park, Saint Luke's Home and Hospital, Home for the Friendless, and Home for Children. The river here expands into Newburgh Bay, giving the city a deep water front and exceptional facilities for traffic by water. There is a trade in agricultural and dairy products, and large quantities of coal from Pennsylvania are here transferred to barges and coasting vessels. Newburgh is of considerable importance as an industrial centre, having manufactories of cottons, woolens, silks, paper, powder, flour, felt hats, and carpet; shipyards; foundries and machine shops; tanneries and leatherette works; and plaster works. The government, as provided by the charter of 1898, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially; a common council; and administrative officials, the majority of whom are appointed by the executive, either absolutely or with the consent of the council. The city clerk, however, is elected by the council, and the water commissioners, board of education, and almshouse commissioners are chosen by popular vote. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 23,087; in 1900, 24,943. The first settlement at Newburgh was made in 1709 by German Lutherans from the Rhenish Palatinate, who named it the ‘Palatine Parish by Quassaic.’ By 1750 most of the Germans had been replaced by people of English and Scotch descent, who in 1752 changed the name to the ‘Parish of Newburgh’ (after Newburgh, Scotland). Newburgh was the headquarters of the American Army from March, 1782, until the latter part of 1783, and it was here that the Newburgh Addresses were circulated, that the army was disbanded, and that Washington received the famous Nicola letter, proposing that he become King. The ‘Hasbrouck House,’ then occupied by Washington, is now owned by the State and used as a museum for Revolutionary relics. On the grounds is the ‘Tower of Victory,’ an imposing stone structure erected by the United States and State governments to commemorate the close of the war. Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800 and was chartered as a city in 1865. Consult: Ruttenber, History of the Town of Newburgh (Newburgh, 1859); Powell (editor), Historic Towns of the Middle States (New York, 1899); Nutt (comp.), Newburgh (Newburgh, 1891).
NEWBURGH ADDRESSES. Two anonymous letters that appeared in 1783, after the close of the Revolutionary War. They urged some organized action to redress the wrongs of American soldiers, especially the withholding of their pay, and were later found to have been written by General John Armstrong.
NEW′BURN. A town in Northumberland, England, on the Tyne, 5½ miles west of Newcastle. Population, in 1891, 8000; in 1901, 12,500.
NEW′BURY. A municipal borough and market town in Berkshire, England, on the Kennet, 17 miles southwest of Reading (Map: England, E 5). Trade in agricultural produce and malting are the principal industries, and an annual wool market is held. The chief buildings are the church, built in the reign of Henry VII., and the Corn Exchange. The town owns real estate, markets, and the gas works. It dates from the Roman period, and was a gift of the Conqueror to Ernulf de Hesdin. Newbury is best known for two hard-fought but indecisive battles between the Royalists and Parliamentarian forces in September, 1643, and in October, 1644. On the battlefield is a handsome memorial to Lords Falkland, Sutherland, and Carnarvon, Royalists, who fell in 1643. Population, in 1901, 11,061. Consult Money, History of Newbury (Oxford, 1887).
NEW′BURYPORT. A city, including several villages, a port of entry, and one of the county-seats of Essex County, Mass., 37 miles northeast of Boston; on the Merrimac River and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, F 2). Among the city's noteworthy buildings and objects of interest are the public library of 40,000 volumes, Marine Museum, Putnam Free School, Anna Jaques Hospital, Old Ladies' Home, Home for Destitute Children, the Old South Church, containing the remains of George Whitefield, the house in which William Lloyd Garrison was born, the Dexter House, a statue of Washington, Washington Park, and a chain suspension bridge. The harbor, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, is safe and spacious. The principal manufactured products include boots and shoes, cotton cloths, celluloid collars and cuffs, silverware, electric car works, machinery, hats, and combs; and there is some shipbuilding, formerly a very extensive and important industry. Newburyport is also a distributing centre for coal. Under the original charter of incorporation of 1851, the government is administered by a mayor, annually elected, and a bicameral council, of which the Upper House is elected on a general ticket and the Lower
