Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/490

NEWCASTLE. 432 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. ginning of the hostilities of the Seven Years' War (q.v.), but affairs were mismanaged eom- pletely, and in November, 1756, Newcastle re- sifined. Pitt now took charge of the war and foreign affairs. In 17.57 a Newcastle-Pitt Min- istrv%vas formed, Pitt being the virtual liead. In 17(j2 Newcastle was forced out of otiice b_v Lord market for the sale of meat and vegetables is Grecian building overlooking the swing-bridge, the town and county assizes are held. The spacious town hall, a modern building, stands on a block of ground facing Saint Nicholas Church; associated with it are a corn market and offices for the transaction of the town business. The Hute. and thereafter was of little importance, though during the short Rockingham Administra- tion, formed in 1705, he filled the office of Privy Seal. He died November 17, 1708. Newcastle .seems to have had much of the absurd and gro- tesque in his character. Consult: Coxe. I'ellnim Administration (London. 1829) ; Cobbett, I'arlia- mvntarii Uistory (London. 180t;--20) ; Carlyle, Frederick the Great (London. 1888) ; Stanhope, History of England from lite Treaty of Utrecht to the Treaty of Versailles, 1713-83 (London, 1851-54) ; Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1878-90). NEWCASTLE, William Cavendish, Duke ot. An Knglish statesman. See Cave.ndish, William. J)uki- of Ncwca.~lk'. NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME, lim. A Par- one of the most spacious and commodious in the kingdom. All the railways entering the town terminate in a large station near its centre. The jail, a hea-j' and costly building, occupies a low and confined situation. The postal and telegraph office is one of the largest and finest of the public buildings in the town. There are two theatres — the Royal (the ornament of Grey Street" the handsomest street in the town), and the Tyne Theatre in 'estgate Street. Among the educational institutions are a natural history nuiseum, a public library, a literary and phi- losophical society, society of antiquaries, a nat- ural history society, mechanics" institute, and an institute of mining engineers. The colleges of niedl<-ine and science are both connected with the Universitv of Durham. A column surmoimted bv a statue of Karl Grev. to commemorate the liamentary and municipal borough in Stafford- parsing of the Reform Bill, and a bronze statue shire, England, 15 miles northwest of Stafford ^^ George Stei (Map: England, D 3). Its chief buildings are the town hall and high school, with which is incorporated the free grammar school, founded in 1002. The quaint red sandstone tower of the restored parish church dates from the twelfth century. The town has greatly improved in modern times; it owns remunerative real estate, gas, markets, and free library, and provides tech- nical instruction, and maintains a sew-age farm, cemetery, and isolation hospital. Hats were for- merly the princii)al Inanch of manufacture, but the making of army clothing is now the chief in- dustry. Xewcastleunderl.yme is surrounded by famous potteries, and coal-mines are worked in the vicinity. Of Saxon origin, the town was named after a eastle built by Henry L near the great forest of Lyme, The town received its first charter from Henry 11. in 1175. Population, in 1891. lS,4."iO; in I'iol. l!l.'.il). NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, tin. An epis- copal city and inuni<i|ial county of England, capital of Northumlierlaml. on the left bank of the Tyne, eight miles from its mouth (Map; England," El). The tow n stands partly upon an elevated plateau and partlj" upon the north bank of the river. The river is crossed by three bridges, which connect N<>wcastle with Gateshead (q.v.)— the High Level Hridge, the Redheiigh Bridge, and a swing bridge (completed in 1874 nt a cost of nearly £500.000). The High Level Bridge is one of" the engineering triumphs of Robert Stei)henson. The length of the via<luct is i;!.'!7 feet, and the height of the railway above high-water mark, 112 feet. 11 has a broad car- riageway, by which the ordinary traffic avoids the precipitous streets on both sides of the river, with passenger paths on each side, and the rail- way ;ibove. The Church of Saint Nicholas is a noble eillfice. chiefly in the Decorated style. In the Guildhall. an old and somewhat inconvenient building. situated beside the river, the town assizes are opened and the quarter sessions held. I'nder the Guililhnll proper there is an exchange for the merchants, shipowners, and brokers of the qiiny- .side. In the Moot Hall, a modem, handsome Stephenson are the principal monu- ments in the city. Of benevolent institutions there are an in- firmary, a dispensary, asylums for the blind, the deaf and dumb, and two ori)hanagcs. The mu- nicipal projierty is valued at .$15,000,000. and consists of real estate, markets, street railways, and quays. The municipality maintains batlis, wash houses, free libraries, cemeteries, and dust destructors, and indirectly contributes to tech- nical education; important domestic utilities such as gas, water, etc.. are provisionally monopolized by companies. Extensive im|)rovements have modernized the older ])ortions of the town, and the streets generally arc wide, well paved and well lighted. The trade of Newcastle consists chiefly in coal from the Northumberland and Durham regions, of which it is the great centre. Large (juantities of lead, the produce of the mines of Alston iloor and Ueardale. are brought to Newcastle for manufacture, and a large quantity of unrefined lead is also imported from Spain. M Newcastle the railway system had its origin, and its locomotive and engineering works are among the largest in Enghmd. The ordnance works of Sir William Armstrong at Elswick. the western jiart of Xewcastle. are well known. Iron shipbuilding and various branches of engineering are extensively carried on, and since 1882 several men-of-war have been constnicted on the Tyne. Newcastle occupies an important position in the manufacture of soda, blcachingpowiler. vitriol. salt, and other chemical products. Earthenware is largely manufactured, and glass-staining has reached great i>erfection. The firebrick trade has attained large proportions, and there are imi)ortant manufactures of gas-retorts and sani- tary pipes, which are sent all over the worhl. IniMH'iise numbers of grindstones are exported. I'iMfbinil and other cements are manufactured in vast quantities. The river Tyne from the sea to Xewcastle forms a natural dock for the accommodation of shipping, ami for ten miles both banks are lined with quays, docks, and factories. It has four natural docks, the largest nearly a mile long, and